Volume 8 - Winter Supplementary                   Ann Appl Sport Sci 2020, 8 - Winter Supplementary: 0-0 | Back to browse issues page


XML Print


1- School of Physical Education, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China , zhlxsdut@163.com
2- Faculty of Applied Health Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
Abstract:   (4088 Views)
Background. Previous studies have shown that an external versus the internal focus of attention is an effective and efficient method to improve athletes' performance under anxious conditions.
Objectives. The current study aimed to assess the effect of the practice with a distinct focus of attention on the penalty kicking performance of adolescent soccer players with different expertise.
Methods. Twenty-four skilled and 24 novice adolescent male soccer players were recruited in the current study. Also, skill-level and age-matched goalkeepers also took part in the study to induce anxiety to the penalty takers. The penalty takers were required to practice penalty kicking toward designated target areas with either an external or internal focus of attention.
Results. The results of the mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that in the post-test, skilled adolescent soccer players demonstrated superior accuracy with an external versus internal focus (p<0.05). In contrast, the novices showed greater consistency with an internal than external focus (p<0.05). Remarkably, the better performance of accuracy in the post-test was not at the cost of kicking velocity (p>0.05).
Conclusion. The current study suggests that an appropriate combination of expertise and instruction type (internal vs. external) is critical for improving the penalty kicking performance of adolescent male soccer players.
Full-Text [PDF 385 kb]   (1624 Downloads)    
 
 
APPLICABLE REMARKS
  • Both skilled and novice soccer players can improve their penalty kicking performance after practice. However, an external focus of attention leads to higher kicking accuracy for skilled players, while an internal focus of attention results in greater kicking consistency for the novice.

Type of Study: Original Article | Subject: Motor Control and its Related Branches
Received: 2020/08/2 | Accepted: 2020/09/17

References
1. Bar-Eli M, Azar H, Ritov I, Keidar-Levin Y, Schein G. Action bias among elite soccer goalkeepers: the case of penalty kicks. J Econ Psychol. 2007;28(5):606-21. [DOI:10.1016/j.joep.2006.12.001]
2. Paterson G, Kamp JV, Savelsbergh G. Moving Advertisements Systematically Affect Gaze Behavior and Performance in the Soccer Penalty Kick. Front Sports Act Living. 2020;1:69. [DOI:10.3389/fspor.2019.00069]
3. Van der Kamp J, Dicks M, Navia JA, Noël B. Goalkeeping in the soccer penalty kick. German J Exercise Sport Res. 2018;48(2):169-75. [DOI:10.1007/s12662-018-0506-3]
4. Memmert D, Hüttermann S, N. H, Loffing F, Strauss B. Dueling in the penalty box: evidence-based recommendations on how shooters and goalkeepers can win penalty shootouts in soccer. Int Rev Sport Exercise Psychol. 2013;6(1):209-29. [DOI:10.1080/1750984X.2013.811533]
5. Morya E, Bigatão H, Lees A, Ranvaud R, Cabri J, Araújo D. Evolving penalty kick strategies: World cup and club matches 2000-2002. Sci Football V. 2005;27:241-7.
6. Franks IM, Harvey I. Cues for Goalkeepers-High-tech methods used to measure penalty shot response. Soc J. 1997;42:30-8.
7. Bar‐Eli M, Azar OH. Penalty kicks in soccer: an empirical analysis of shooting strategies and goalkeepers' preferences. Socc Soc. 2009;10(2):183-91. [DOI:10.1080/14660970802601654]
8. Kuhn W. Penalty-Kick Strategies for Shooters and Goalkeepers, in: Reilly, T., Lees, A., Davids, K. and Murphy, W.J., eds., Science and Football I. London: E & FN Spon, UK; 1988.
9. Navia JA, Van der Kamp JO, Ruiz LM. On the use of situational and body information in goalkeeper actions during a soccer penalty kick. Int J Sport Psychol. 2013;44(3):234-51.
10. van der Kamp J. A field simulation study of the effectiveness of penalty kick strategies in soccer: late alterations of kick direction increase errors and reduce accuracy. Journal of sports sciences. 2006;24(5):467-77. [DOI:10.1080/02640410500190841] [PMID]
11. van der Kamp J. Exploring the merits of perceptual anticipation in the soccer penalty kick. Motor control. 2011;15(3):342-58. [DOI:10.1123/mcj.15.3.342] [PMID]
12. Noel B, Furley P, van der Kamp J, Dicks M, Memmert D. The development of a method for identifying penalty kick strategies in association football. Journal of sports sciences. 2015;33(1):1-10. [DOI:10.1080/02640414.2014.926383] [PMID]
13. Navarro M, van der Kamp J, Schor P, Savelsbergh GJP. Implicit learning increases shot accuracy of football players when making strategic decisions during penalty kicking. Human movement science. 2018;61:72-80. [DOI:10.1016/j.humov.2018.07.004] [PMID]
14. Wood G, Wilson MR. Gaze behaviour and shooting strategies in football penalty kicks: Implications of a 'keeper-dependent approach. Int J Sport Psychol. 2010;41(3):293-312.
15. Navarro M, van der Kamp J, Ranvaud R, Savelsbergh GJ. The mere presence of a goalkeeper affects the accuracy of penalty kicks. Journal of sports sciences. 2013;31(9):921-9. [DOI:10.1080/02640414.2012.762602] [PMID]
16. Wood G, Wilson MR. A moving goalkeeper distracts penalty takers and impairs shooting accuracy. Journal of sports sciences. 2010;28(9):937-46. [DOI:10.1080/02640414.2010.495995] [PMID]
17. Bar-Haim Y, Lamy D, Pergamin L, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IMH. Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: a meta-analytic study. Psychological bulletin. 2007;133(1):1-24. [DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1] [PMID]
18. Mullen R, Hardy L, Tattersall A. The effects of anxiety on motor performance: A test of the conscious processing hypothesis. J Sport Exercise Psy. 2005;27(2):212-25. [DOI:10.1123/jsep.27.2.212]
19. Wulf G. Attentional focus and motor learning: a review of 15 years. Int Rev Sport Exercise Psychol. 2013;6(1):77-104. [DOI:10.1080/1750984X.2012.723728]
20. Wulf G, Lewthwaite R. Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning. Psychonomic bulletin & review. 2016;23(5):1382-414. [DOI:10.3758/s13423-015-0999-9] [PMID]
21. Wulf G, Su J. An external focus of attention enhances golf shot accuracy in beginners and experts. Research quarterly for exercise and sport. 2007;78(4):384-9. [DOI:10.1080/02701367.2007.10599436] [PMID]
22. Lohse KR, Sherwood DE, Healy AF. How changing the focus of attention affects performance, kinematics, and electromyography in dart throwing. Human movement science. 2010;29(4):542-55. [DOI:10.1016/j.humov.2010.05.001] [PMID]
23. Zachry T, Wulf G, Mercer J, Bezodis N. Increased movement accuracy and reduced EMG activity as the result of adopting an external focus of attention. Brain research bulletin. 2005;67(4):304-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.06.035] [PMID]
24. Wulf G, McNevin N, Shea CH. The automaticity of complex motor skill learning as a function of attentional focus. The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology A, Human experimental psychology. 2001;54(4):1143-54. [DOI:10.1080/713756012] [PMID]
25. Bell JJ, Hardy J. Effects of Attentional Focus on Skilled Performance in Golf. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2009;21(2):163-77. [DOI:10.1080/10413200902795323]
26. Makaruk H, Porter JM, Sadowski J, Bodasinska A, Zielinski J, Niznikowski T, et al. The effects of combining focus of attention and autonomy support on shot accuracy in the penalty kick. PloS one. 2019;14(9):e0213487. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0213487] [PMID] [PMCID]
27. Makaruk H, Porter JM, Bodasinska A, Palmer S. Optimizing the penalty kick under external focus of attention and autonomy support instructions. European journal of sport science. 2020:1-9. [DOI:10.1080/17461391.2020.1720829] [PMID]
28. Fitts PM. The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. Journal of experimental psychology. 1954;47(6):381-91. [DOI:10.1037/h0055392] [PMID]
29. van den Tillaar R, Ulvik A. Influence of instruction on velocity and accuracy in soccer kicking of experienced soccer players. Journal of motor behavior. 2014;46(5):287-91. [DOI:10.1080/00222895.2014.898609] [PMID]
30. van den Tillaar R, Fuglstad P. Effect of Instructions Prioritizing Speed or Accuracy on Kinematics and Kicking Performance in Football Players. Journal of motor behavior. 2017;49(4):414-21. [DOI:10.1080/00222895.2016.1219311] [PMID]
31. Perkins-Ceccato N, Passmore SR, Lee TD. Effects of focus of attention depend on golfers' skill. Journal of sports sciences. 2003;21(8):593-600. [DOI:10.1080/0264041031000101980] [PMID]
32. Castaneda B, Gray R. Effects of focus of attention on baseball batting performance in players of differing skill levels. Journal of sport & exercise psychology. 2007;29(1):60-77. [DOI:10.1123/jsep.29.1.60] [PMID]
33. Ford P, Hodges NJ, Williams AM. Online attentional-focus manipulations in a soccer-dribbling task: implications for the proceduralization of motor skills. Journal of motor behavior. 2005;37(5):386-94. [DOI:10.3200/JMBR.37.5.386-394] [PMID]
34. Beilock SL, Wierenga SA, Carr TH. Expertise, attention, and memory in sensorimotor skill execution: impact of novel task constraints on dual-task performance and episodic memory. The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology A, Human experimental psychology. 2002;55(4):1211-40. [DOI:10.1080/02724980244000170] [PMID]
35. Almeida CH, Volossovitch A, Duarte R. Penalty kick outcomes in UEFA club competitions (2010-2015): The roles of situational, individual and performance factors. Int J Performance Anal Sport. 2017;16(2):508-22. [DOI:10.1080/24748668.2016.11868905]
36. Schwab S, Rein R, Memmert D. "Kick it like Ronaldo": a cross-sectional study of focus of attention effects during learning of a soccer knuckle ball free kick technique. German J Exercise Sport Res. 2018;49(1):91-6. [DOI:10.1007/s12662-018-0558-4]
37. Cohen J. A power primer. Psychological bulletin. 1992;112(1):155-9. [DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155] [PMID]
38. Lawrence GP, Virian J, Oliver SJ, Gottwald VM. Lets go surfing now, everybody's learning how; attentional strategies on expert and novice surfing performance under both practice and competition conditions. European journal of sport science. 2020;20(2):229-39. [DOI:10.1080/17461391.2019.1626489] [PMID]
39. Hardy L, Mullen R, Martin N. Effect of task-relevant cues and state anxiety on motor performance. Perceptual and motor skills. 2001;92(3 Pt 1):943-6. [DOI:10.2466/pms.2001.92.3.943] [PMID]
40. Masters R, Maxwell J. The theory of reinvestment. Int Rev Sport Exercise Psychol. 2008;1(2):160-83. [DOI:10.1080/17509840802287218]
41. Bernstein NA. Dexterity and its development. In On Dexterity and its Development (edited and translated by M.L. Latash and M.T. Turvey). Mahwah: NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1996.
42. Ford P, Hodges NJ, Mark Williams A. An evaluation of end-point trajectory planning during skilled kicking. Motor control. 2009;13(1):1-24. [DOI:10.1123/mcj.13.1.1] [PMID]
43. Piras A, Vickers JN. The effect of fixation transitions on quiet eye duration and performance in the soccer penalty kick: instep versus inside kicks. Cognitive processing. 2011;12(3):245-55. [DOI:10.1007/s10339-011-0406-z] [PMID]
44. Querfurth S, Schucker L, de Lussanet MH, Zentgraf K. An Internal Focus Leads to Longer Quiet Eye Durations in Novice Dart Players. Frontiers in psychology. 2016;7:633. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00633] [PMID] [PMCID]
45. Vickers JN. Advances in coupling perception and action: the quiet eye as a bidirectional link between gaze, attention, and action. Prog Brain Res. 2009;174:279-88. [DOI:10.1016/S0079-6123(09)01322-3]
46. Mann DT, Williams AM, Ward P, Janelle CM. Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport: a meta-analysis. Journal of sport & exercise psychology. 2007;29(4):457-78. [DOI:10.1123/jsep.29.4.457] [PMID]
47. Rienhoff R, Fischer L, Strauss B, Baker J, Schorer J. Focus of attention influences quiet-eye behavior: An exploratory investigation of different skill levels in female basketball players. Sport Exercise Perform Psychol. 2015;4(1):62-74. [DOI:10.1037/spy0000031]
48. Schmidt RA, Lee TD, Winstein C, Wulf G, Zelaznik HN. Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis. Human kinetics, IL, USA2018.
49. Guimaraes AN, Ugrinowitsch H, Dascal JB, Porto AB, Okazaki VHA. Freezing Degrees of Freedom During Motor Learning: A Systematic Review. Motor control. 2020:1-15. [DOI:10.1123/mc.2019-0060] [PMID]

Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.