In the Vancouver system, the only indication required in the text of a paper is a number, allocated in ascending sequence and presented in the text in brackets. For example:
"According to the results of previous research, visual skills have been categorized into five levels; Superior, above average, average, ineffective and needs immediate attention (4)."
Do not use individual sets of parentheses for citation numbers that appear together, e.g., (2,3,5–9), not (2),(3),(5)–(9). In other words, If the same source is cited later in the text, the same number is used again. If multiple references are cited, use a hyphen to join an inclusive range of numbers thus: (2-5). Use commas without spaces to separate non-inclusive numbers in a multiple citation thus: (2-5,7,10).

 

A bibliography is a list of references cited at the end of an essay, dissertation, etc. The list of references at the end of the paper should be given in order of their first appearance in the text.

Each reference is made by putting together all the details needed to find a piece of information in a specified order. Different details are needed for different formats of information. Using the same style, punctuation, and order of details is essential throughout your work. In this topic, you will look at how individual references are constructed. In particular, you will learn how to reference.

 

For sample references, see A National Library of Medicine Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html

 

Note: Some journals have more than two parts and should be abbreviated when written in the references. You can find the journal abbreviation via: http://www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/~mark/ISIabbr/S_abrvjt.html

Note: Regarding publications in languages other than English, the published English title should be provided from its English abstract, with an annotation such as "(article in Farsi, abstract in English)". Do not provide a self-translation.