Annals of Applied Sport Science

The Effect of Continues Aerobic Training with Green Tea Supplementation on Lipid Profiles of Inactive Obese Females

Jamshid Banaii Borojeni

Background. Obesity, through creating disorder in blood lipids and also, increase insulin resistance, has a main role in appearance high risk disease such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and various kind of cancer.

Objectives. The aim of this study was to survey effect of eight weeks continuous aerobic training accompanied with green tea consumption on lipid profile of inactive obese female.

Methods. In this quasi-experimental research, 40 inactive obese female with body mass index equal or greater than 30 kg/m2 selected as subjects. After receiving written consent, the subjects divided randomly into four equal groups; 1) continuous aerobic training, 2) green tea consumption, 3) continuous aerobic training accompanied with green tea consumption and 4) control. Continuous aerobic training was done for eight weeks, three sessions per week and intensity of 65-75 percent of MHR. Green tea supplement consume three bags (2 gram) in three meals per day. For combination group, both of intervention did. Before and after eight weeks intervention of training and green tea consumption, blood sampling done at 12h fasting state.

Results. It showed that continuous aerobic training with consumption of green tea supplement lead to significant reduction in body weight and fat percentage (p<0.05) and no significant effect on lipid profile (p>0.05).

Conclusion. In general, inactive obese female may benefit of positive effects of continuous aerobic training accompanied with green tea consumption on body weight and fat percentage. However, to determine effects of continuous aerobic training on lipid profile of inactive obese women more research is needed.

The Effect of Body Part-dependent Resistance Training on Lipid Profiles and Hormonal Levels in Young Males

Maghsoud Peeri

Background. The impact of movement pattern of resistance training on some factors related to cardiovascular diseases is not clear.

Objectives. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 8 week different resistance training patterns on lipid profile and hormonal responses in young males.

Methods. Forty untrained students in 23.8±2.66 average years old and weight of 67.43±4.96 kg were randomly selected, who participated volunteering in this investigation. They were randomly divided into practice groups including upper-body, lower-body, and compound for 3 sessions during 8 weeks (%60 to %80 of a maximum repetition) (control n=10). In order to assess lipid profile and hormone concentration, body composition and blood samples of subjects were measured in similar conditions in three stages: pre-test, end of the 4th week, and end of the 8th week.

Results. fat percentage (P<0.002) had a significant reduction and TG (P<0.002), HDL (P<0.001), and testosterone (P<0.002) had significant increases compared to the pretest in upper-body group. In lower-body group, however, a significant reduction in fat percentage (P<0.006) was observed, and HDL (P<0.001), VLDL (P<0.002), and testosterone (P<0.000) values had significant increases compared to the pretest. there was a significantly increase after 8 weeks in BMI (P=0.006), TG (P<0.030), and muscle mass (P<0.007), and a significant reduction in cortisol (P<0.016) compared to the pretest after a four-week exercise in compound group.

Conclusion. It seems that upper-body and lower-body resistance training optimal methods make desirable changes in some cardiovascular risk factors, for example reduction in fat percentage and increase in HDL, the facts which could leads about prevention of cardiovascular diseases in untrained individuals.

The Effect of Kinesio Taping in the Ankle Sprains of Athletes

Mehdi Ghorbani

Objectives. The purpose of this study was the importance of applying Kinesio tape (KT) in relieving the pain in athletes' ankles using Y balance test and star.

Methods. 22 male athletes with average age of 22.33±1.37 were discussed with and without Kinesio tape. At first athletes didn’t use kinesiology tape on their deltoid ligament and did the (Y) balance test in 3 directions, then star twirling test (SEBT) in 8 directions that focused on the center of one plexus. These tests were repeated 3 times and all the stages of them were recovered after 24 hours and then the tests done on a pad and on a solid surface.

Results. Athletes in both tests on a soft pad experienced a high pressure on their muscles according to the position of their leg in plantar and dorsiflexion state;and they couldn’t finish the test.

Conclusion. The test showed that the Kinesio tape on a soft surface (pad) did have any positive effects on the muscles.

A New Method for Measuring the Angle of Hallux Valgus

Rahmat allah Heidarpour

Objectives. The aim of this study is to introduce a new way and assign its reliability and validity in measuring the angle of hallux valgus.

Methods. In this method, we have proceeded to introduce a simple way for measuring the angle of hallux valgus by using ruler and mathematical formulas. For doing this study, we selected 25students and measured their angle of hallux valgus with new way and by goniometer. To assign the reliability and validity, it has been used of correlation coefficient and ICC coefficient, respectively.

Results. Findings show that, there is a significant correlation between new method and using goniometer (r=0/825). Besides, this method is of the high reliability for measuring the angle of hallux valgus (ICC=0/992).

Conclusion. The new method not only is both cheap and simple measuring for measuring the angle of hallux valgus, but also have high reliability and validity.

The Role of Environmental Features of Parks in Activation of Recreational Activities in Leisure Time

Karim Zohrevandian

Background. The recreational use of urban spaces has increased significantly in recent years, due to a trend towards healthier lifestyles in which regular exercise plays a leading role. Examples include walking, running or biking, activities for which large urban green parks provide excellent conditions. These parks, located within the city, are intended for public use and include landscape features such as trees, shrubs, extended grassy areas, playgrounds or water bodies.

Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of environmental features of parks in activation of recreational activities.

Methods. 425 people of over 18 years living near to six urban and regional parks in Tehran included in the study. Data collection has been done through questionnaire (Bedimo-Rung, 2005; Kaczynski, 2007 and Cohen, 2007), and data analysis has been done through structural equations and multivariate regression.

Results. The research findings showed that the variables of design (t=2.84), green space (t=3.25), accessibility (t=2.17), Placement (t=3.18), beauty (t=2.04), traffic expectation (t=2.45), security (t=2.27), and management (t=2.35), have relation with attendance and attraction of users of parks for recreational activity.

Conclusion. Management of public green spaces leads to increased presence and attendance of elderlies and recreational activities by creating building natural symbols and social interaction. Increased security of environment and its equipment leads to increased welfare, elevated revenues and occupational status and increased attendance of individuals in parks.

The Effects of a Session of Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise on Leukocytes, And Hormonal Responses in Young Women

Hadis Raftari

Background. Exercises with different intensities can cause changes in immune system factors and hormonal acute response. These changes may exceed the permissible limitations and weaken the system.

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of an intensity aerobic and anaerobic training session on acute hormonal response and immune system factors.

Methods. A total of 30 young female non-athlete students (age 20.7±1 years old and BMI 23.2 ± 1.3) participated in the study voluntary. And randomly were divided into three groups: maximum aerobic, anaerobic test and control group (n = 10). from subjects before and after the test, blood samples were taken to measure cortisol , testosterone and leukocytes. For maximum aerobic test, Ellestad test was used, and for anaerobic, Cunningham and Faulkner treadmill test was used.

Results. It is showed that the leukocytes in anaerobic test significantly increased (p<0.05). On the other hand, anaerobic exercise leads to a significant increase in testosterone level (p< 0.05) and a significant reduction of cortisol levels (p< 0.05).

Conclusion. In general, these findings show that despite minor differences in the effects of physical activity on the hormonal responses and immune system, Increase of anabolic conditions after anaerobic activity may be increase of leukocytes.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Ethical Issues in the Iran's Sport Media: Perceptions ‎of National Team Coaches

Amin Rayat

This article is "Retracted" at 2018/04/04 due to "Plagiarism" totally from "Çimen, Z. Ethical Issues in Turkish Sport Media: Perceptions of Professional Football Players. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation. 2012; 34 (1)."

Development of Brand Community in Iranian New Sport Teams

Amin Rayat

Background. Through years of spectator interaction, historical moments, heroic performances, and the creation of traditions or rituals, these established teams are excellent examples of brand communities. For newly introduced teams, these elements are likely to be in short supply and many of them struggle to build a community around their sport team.

Objectives. This study explored brand community markers in the context of newly established sport teams.

Methods. We examined whether managers of new sports teams Utilize group experience, organizational history, ritual/traditions and physical facility in their branding strategies. A case study approach was used; featuring both interviews with managers of three newly established Iran professional sports teams and direct observations of games.

Results. The findings revealed managers generally considered group experience, history and heritage, ritual/traditions and physical facility to be important, but they failed to implement and apply these mechanisms to an overall marketing strategy. Evidence of the four mechanisms was only apparent on an infrequent and fragmented basis. Promotion of these antecedents was largely absent from the team’s branding strategies.

Conclusion. This is the first study to extend the study of brand communities from successful and established brands to new organizations and explored how the different mechanisms relate to this.

The Effect of High Intensity Aerobic and Anaerobic Training on the Memory of Healthy People

Mohammad Rashidi

Background. The evidence indicates that physical activity increases memory and ability to learn in human and animal. That is to say, the brain remarkably responds to exercise.

Objectives. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect and comparison of anaerobic and aerobic exercise on memory.

Methods. In this study, ninety male students were randomly divided into three equal groups with 30 members. The first group did 3 aerobic exercise sessions (with using treadmill) of 60 minutes per week for 8 weeks. The second group were trained in anaerobic exercise (with treadmill), whereas the third one, the control group of non-exercising subjects, get involved in no intervention/interference. Afterwards, all of ninety students were asked to The IQ TEST lab to carry out a memory experiment both in the beginning and the end of programmed in order to evaluate their memory in the terms of Wechsler Test/ on the basis of Wechsler Test.

Results. The result of this study showed the memory change from Wechsler fragment tests/subtests before and after invention to the group with aerobic training (15.50 ± 5.41), with anaerobic training (17.00 ±4.89) and in the control group (2.13 ±1.96).The difference was significant (p<0.001) so that the variation of memory scores between aerobic and control group was (p<0.001). Also, anaerobic and control group was (p<0.001). And in other words, it had a significant difference.

Conclusion. The results will enable us to better comprehend the consequences that exercise can have on learning and memory. In general, the findings of the available research showed that the 8 weeks exercise of aerobic and anaerobic had high positive impact on the memory function of the students undergoing these experimental exercising subjects. We conclude that aerobic and anaerobic exercise probably can serve as a means to improve positively the memory's function so this kind of training is recommended for benefiting memory and learning process.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Sport Motivation as Driver for Segmenting of Sport Tourists in Gheshm Island

Amin Rayat

This article is "Retracted" at 2018/04/04 due to "Plagiarism" totally from "Hallmann, K., Feiler, S., Breuer, C. Sport motivation as driver for segmenting sport tourists in coastal regions. Tourism Review. 2012; 67(2): 4-12."

Time-dependent Effects of High Intensity Interval Training on Oxygen Kinetics in Females

Tahmineh Ajorlu

Background. Because VO2max doesn’t provide any detailed information about aerobic examinations Oxygen Kinetic is used for more accuracy. Long intensive and repetitive exercises with sufficient time lead to increase in aerobic parameters like kinetic absorption of oxygen.

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine time dependent effects of short-time high intensity interval training (HIIT) on oxygen kinetics in females.

Methods. Forty active and healthy students (age: 25.5±5yr) were randomly allocated to one of four groups: H1, which performed one session HIIT (with 120% vo2 max intensity for 1 minutes and 1 minutes active break for 8 times); H2, which performed two session HIIT; H3, which performed four session HIIT; and a control group (CON). Both exercise and control groups performed the incremental test (initially the work load was 50 watts and after every 4 minutes adding 30 watts and 1 minute active break for recovery) on the ergometer bicycle. After 2 days of pretesting, training groups participated in 1, 2 and 4 session HIIT (with 120% of their Vo2max intensity for 1 minutes and 3 minute active breaks for 8 times). Two days after the completion of the exercise protocol, post-test accordingly pretest was used by control and exercise groups. Result was measured by gas analyzer to breath-by breath method.

Results. The findings showed that 1 session HIIT had no significant effect on oxygen kinetic factors (Vo2max, oxygen deficit, time constant 1 and 2) (p>0.05). Two sessions HIIT significantly improved some of oxygen kinetic factors (Vo2max, oxygen deficit, time constant 2) (p<0.05), but had not significant effect on time constant 1 (p>0.05). In addition, 4 sessions HIIT, significantly associated with improvement in all of oxygen kinetic factors (Vo2max, oxygen deficit, time constant 1 and 2) (p<0.05).

Conclusion. It seems that 4 sessions HIIT is the at least time for improvement of all oxygen kinetic factors.

The Effects of the Different Frequencies of Whole-Body Vibration after a Strenuous Activity on Blood Lactic Acid

Mohammad Rashidi

Background. Fatigue has an undesirable effect on the continued exercise performance and decreases athlete's activity. Fast lactic acid disposed is high of importance for athletes.

Objectives. Therefore, the present article determines the effects of the different frequencies of whole-body vibration after a strenuous activity on blood lactic acid.

Methods. 60 athletes were chosen from selected athletes of provincial championship through bruce test. The athletes randomly were divided into four groups of 15 participating in the initial recovery scheme after strenuous exercise (Cunningham test). The first group did initial passive/ inactive recovery that the subjects sat on a chair after exercise and the second to fourth did initial 15 minutes active retrieval on the vibration platform at different rate /with different speed. Their blood lactic acid was checked in three phases by manual lactometer (before activity, immediately after the activity, 15 minutes recovery period the initial situation).

Results. The result of this research indicated that the average level of lactic acid immediately after activity to before activity among 4 groups was significantly different (P=0.006). decrease in lactic acid 15 minutes after the initial state recovery to immediately after that, was significant in all groups (p<0/001). In initial recovery with 20 HZ WBV at amplitude of 5mm lactic acid repelling excretion was the most.

Conclusion. In general, it is showed that to excrete the lactic acid after exhausting and intense activity active initial state recovery scheme with whole- body vibration (WBV) at 20 HZ and on amplitude of 5 mm had much more useful effects on reducing lactic acid after exhausting and intense activities than other schemes. Hence, active initial recovery with whole – body vibration at mentioned rate is recommended to remove immediately the lactic acid from the body after intense anaerobic exercise.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: The Impact of Social Media Marketing on Brand Loyalty

Amin Rayat

This article is "Retracted" at 2018/04/04 due to "Plagiarism" totally from "Erdoğmuş, İ. E., & Cicek, M. (2012). The impact of social media marketing on brand loyalty. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 1353-1360."

The Effects of Eight Weeks Upper Body and Lower Body Resistance Training on Plasma Adiponectin and Leptin Levels in Young Men

Maghsoud Peeri

Background. Adipose tissue secrets various hormones in body such as adiponectin which has close relationship with controlling weight.

Objectives. Therefore, the present article determines movement pattern effect of resistance training on adiponectin, in young men.

Methods. 40 male untrained students in 23.8±2.66 years old and weight of 67.43±4.96 kg were randomly selected, who participated volunteering in this investigation, from upper body exercise, lower body exercise , combined (three resistance exercise sessions were held in each week during 8 weeks, 5 exercise sets with 60-85% of one repetition maximum) and control exercise (n=10). Blood samples were measured completely similarly in three steps of pre-test, fourth week, and one day after the eighth week exercise analyzed.

Results. It is showed that in upper body group after the 8th week, adipose percentage reduced 7.39% (P<0.002) and leptin was decreased up to 64.02% (P<0.001), adiponectin significantly increased 90.42% (P<0.001) than pre-test step. In addition, in lower body group, adipose percentage reduced 7.39% (P<0.006) and leptin decreased 56.95% (P<0.001), adiponectin significantly increased 87.82% (P<0.012), than pre-test step. In combined group, body mass index (BMI) increased 1.88% (P<0.006), muscular mass increased 2.24% (P<0.007), and adiponectin significantly increased 91.56% (P<0.001), leptin (P<0.001) (59.3%) after eight weeks training significantly decreased than pre-test step.

Conclusion. Various resistance exercises, increase adiponectin and leptin that are associated with change body composition. These changes can be effective for prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

Effects of Six Weeks Combined Training Program on Hematological Parameters in Elite Basketball Players

Mohammad Talaee

Background. In team sports, according to perform variety of motor skills, development of special bio-motor abilities and imposed proper exercise stress, hematologic adaptations following exercise will be different.

Objectives. Therefore, the aim of this study was the effects of six weeks combined training program on hematological parameters in elite basketball players. Methods. Fifteen athletes from 30 qualified players for basketball playoff league, with the average age of (24±1/5) years, selected randomly and they were participated in 6weeks (3 sessions per week) of combined training (circular resistance training and basketball special-skills). Blood samples were drawn in the fasting state for Three times: before, after and 24 recovery hours in order to measure the hematologic parameters (red and white blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, PLT, MCH, MCHC, plasma volume).

Results. Significant increase in the white blood cells and platelet counts were obtained, in two stages; after and 24 hours recovery times. While the levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and number of red blood cells (RBC) were decreased after 24 hours of recovery significantly. The significant changes weren't observed in MCH, MCHC, MCV and plasma volume factors following the combined training program.

Conclusion. Performing combined training plays an important role in physiological and hematological adaptations processes and promotion athletic performance. While, prescription this method of training must be associated with regularly biochemical blood monitoring to balance between exercises stress and recovery strategies.

The Effect of Glutamine and Glucose Supplementation on Maximal Aerobic Power and Hemoglobin Concentration in Athlete Young Girls

Banafsheh Amin

Background. Maximal Aerobic Power is related to many quantities and qualities such as supplements.

Objectives. The purpose of the present study was to describe the effect of short-term supplementation of glutamine and glucose on hemoglobin and maximum aerobic power in female athletes.

Methods. In this quasi-experimental study, 40 female athletes (age 21.9±2.6 years, height 161.8±5.1 cm, weight 57.8±6.3 kg, BMI 21.9±1.5 kg/m2) volunteered to participate in the present study. Before intervention, the participants were divided randomly into four equal groups (each group=10); placebo, glutamine supplement (0.3 g/kg body weight), glucose supplement (1.0 g/kg body weight) and glutamine-glucose combination supplement. VO2max measured using Bruce protocol and also, hemoglobin concentrations were measured via blood sampling at 12h fasting state. The experimental groups did two-week supplementation accompanied with moderate intensity aerobic exercise, three sessions per week and (45-60) minutes per session. At the end of period of supplementation VO2max and hemoglobin values were measured again.

Results. Short-term supplementation of glutamine (P=0.0001), glucose (P=0.0001) and glutamine-glucose (P=0.0001) improved significantly VO2max values. Also, hemoglobin levels increased significantly in glutamine (P=0.012) and glutamine-glucose (P=0.0001) groups.

Conclusion. It seems that short-term supplementation of glutamine, glucose and glutamine-glucose may lead to improvement in aerobic performance in young female athletes.