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Ann Appl Sport Sci 2026, 14(1): 0-0 |
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Hojjat S H, Lashkari S, Joharinia S, Forghani M A, Younessi Heravi M A. Effects of Seven Days of Aerobic Exercise Combined with Functional Electrical Stimulation on NT-3, NT-4, and GDNF Gene Expression in Wistar Rats with Spinal Cord Injury. Ann Appl Sport Sci 2026; 14 (1)
URL: http://aassjournal.com/article-1-1680-en.html
URL: http://aassjournal.com/article-1-1680-en.html
Seyed Hesam Hojjat1 
, Saleh Lashkari2 , Sima Joharinia3 , Mohamad Amin Forghani4 , Mohamad Amin Younessi Heravi *5
, Saleh Lashkari2 , Sima Joharinia3 , Mohamad Amin Forghani4 , Mohamad Amin Younessi Heravi *5
1- Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran & Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
2- Heath Technology Research Center, Imam Reza International University, Mashhad, Iran
3- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran
4- Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
5- Department of Radiology and Medical Physics, School of Allied Medical Sciences, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran ,a.younessi@nkums.ac.ir
2- Heath Technology Research Center, Imam Reza International University, Mashhad, Iran
3- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran
4- Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
5- Department of Radiology and Medical Physics, School of Allied Medical Sciences, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran ,
Abstract: (638 Views)
Background. Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes motor deficits due to neuronal loss and impaired axonal regeneration. Neurotrophins and rehabilitation strategies such as exercise and FES may enhance neuroplasticity and recovery.
Objectives. We aimed to investigate the combined effects of aerobic exercise and functional electrical stimulation on NT-3, NT-4, and GDNF gene expression and locomotor recovery in a rat model of spinal cord injury.
Methods. Utilizing thirty-three adult male Wistar rats that were randomly assigned to five groups of healthy control, SCI control, SCI with exercise, SCI with FES, and SCI with combined exercise and FES, SCI induction was performed at the T11 vertebral level, where animals in the intervention groups underwent seven days of treadmill-based aerobic training and/or spinal electrical stimulation. The Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scale was used to assess locomotor recovery. Gene expression levels of NT-3, NT-4, and GDNF were investigated using qRT-PCR.
Results. FES improved locomotor function at week 2 (P=0.03), while exercise was effective from week 4 (P=0.02). Combined therapy showed greatest recovery (week 6: F=93.74, P=0.002). NT-3, NT-4, and GDNF were significantly upregulated (p<0.01).
Conclusion. The combined administration of FES and aerobic exercises enhances motor recovery, resulting in upregulation of the expression of neurotrophic factors in SCI rats, holding promise as a therapeutic strategy for SCI rehabilitation.
Objectives. We aimed to investigate the combined effects of aerobic exercise and functional electrical stimulation on NT-3, NT-4, and GDNF gene expression and locomotor recovery in a rat model of spinal cord injury.
Methods. Utilizing thirty-three adult male Wistar rats that were randomly assigned to five groups of healthy control, SCI control, SCI with exercise, SCI with FES, and SCI with combined exercise and FES, SCI induction was performed at the T11 vertebral level, where animals in the intervention groups underwent seven days of treadmill-based aerobic training and/or spinal electrical stimulation. The Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scale was used to assess locomotor recovery. Gene expression levels of NT-3, NT-4, and GDNF were investigated using qRT-PCR.
Results. FES improved locomotor function at week 2 (P=0.03), while exercise was effective from week 4 (P=0.02). Combined therapy showed greatest recovery (week 6: F=93.74, P=0.002). NT-3, NT-4, and GDNF were significantly upregulated (p<0.01).
Conclusion. The combined administration of FES and aerobic exercises enhances motor recovery, resulting in upregulation of the expression of neurotrophic factors in SCI rats, holding promise as a therapeutic strategy for SCI rehabilitation.
Keywords: Spinal Cord Injury, Neurotrophic Factors, Functional Electrical Stimulation, Exercise, Gene Expression
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APPLICABLE REMARKS
APPLICABLE REMARKS
- Early implementation of FES during the subacute phase of SCI may accelerate initial locomotor recovery.
- Aerobic treadmill training contributes to sustained motor improvement during later recovery stages.
- Combined FES and aerobic exercise may optimize neurotrophic factor expression (NT-3, NT-4, GDNF), supporting multimodal rehabilitation strategies in experimental SCI models.
Type of Study: Original Article |
Subject:
Sport Physiology and its related branches
Received: 2025/11/21 | Accepted: 2027/01/12
Received: 2025/11/21 | Accepted: 2027/01/12
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