Showing 30 results for Athletes
Ahmad Ahmadzadeh, Seyyed Jafar Moosavi, Morteza Dousti,
year 1, Issue 3 (10-2013)
Abstract
Sport is an important tool to draw the national attention. Sport is a big assembly to make identity. Also, sport is a cause for identity and unity. The purpose of this study is to identify the cultural opportunity of sport in the province of Mazandaran in Iran. The research method was mixed. Sequential exploratory mixed method of the first method is qualitative and quantitative methods. The study included all the Mazandaran managers, coaches, experts, judges and athletes at the national level. The results show that directors, judges and experts believe that people's happiness and euphoria in winning the sports events is the most sport important cultural opportunity in Mazandaran (All kinds of sport were included). A lot of money is spent on TV programs and movies to fill the people's free time.
Hassan Faraji, Rahman Rahimi , Saeed Dabbagh Nikookheslat,
year 2, Issue 3 (10-2014)
Abstract
This study aims to determine the effect of a single exhausting exercise on plasma PYY, NPY and IGF-1 in young athletes. Thirty-one young athletes (aged 19.52±2.75 years, body mass 79.24±16.13 kg, height 173±6.49 cm, and body fat 16.37±5.92%) volunteered to participate in this study. The participations, in randomized crossover manner, performed a single exercise bout on a cycle ergometer at 50 watts (W) for five-minute, and the power output was increased by 30 W every 3 minute until voluntary exhaustion. Venous blood samples were collected before (Pre), immediately after (Post) and 1h after (1h Post) exercise to assess plasma PYY, NPY and IGF-1concentrations. Plasma PYY (p=0.042) and IGF-1 (p=0.001) significantly increased at Post exercise. Also, NPY was increased Post (p=0.001) and for 1h Post (p=0.021) exercise. The exhausting exercise increase plasma PYY concentration and this increase may relate to IGF-1 signals in young athletes. However, increased plasma NPY may not be related to stimulation food intake because it does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier.
Nahid Mohammadi, Robabeh Rostami, Mahboobeh Alborzi,
year 4, Issue 4 (12-2016)
Abstract
Visual has always been recognized as one of the most important sensory systems involved in the implementation of many athletic skills because of the close and necessary relationship with performing the movements, and it is considered particularly important by specialists in learning and motor control. Today, in addition to assessing the key indices in athletic performance (physical, medical, psychological and nutritional evaluations), visual skills assessment is also held in great importance. In this regard, the present study aims to answer the question of whether the difference between the visual skills of athletes (team and individual) and non-athletes is significant. For this purpose, 85 subjects (44 non-athletes, 22 athletes in team sports, and 19 athletes in individual sports) participated in this study and were selected using purposive sampling. The research instrument was "sports vision tests of Wilson and Falkel (2004)". The psychometric properties of this test were studied and confirmed through the correlation between the referees and retest method. The results of the statistical analyses showed that there were significant differences between focusing (P<0.001), tracking (P<0.001), sequencing (p=0.009), eye-hand coordination (P<0.001), and vergence (P=0.015) of all-girl teams and individual sports athletes with non-athletes. Just as female individual and team sports athletes were better at focusing and tracking than non-athletes, individual sports athletes were better in vergence, team sports athletes were better in sequencing, and non-athletes were better in eye-hand coordination. However, in regards to visualization, no significant difference was observed between the three groups. According to the results, participation in sports activities, regardless of the type of activity, helps an individual to obtain better abilities in the visual system and its skills. Additionally, the role of visual skills in individual and team fields is different; therefore, due to the importance of vision, it is recommended that coaches consider special planning along with other motor capabilities.
Rahman Sheikhhoseini, Kieran O'Sullivan, Mohammad Hossein Alizadeh, Meisam Sadeghisani,
year 4, Issue 4 (12-2016)
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) is also one of the most common medical conditions in athletes. There is little doubt that patients with LBP use from their body differently than pain free individuals. The purpose of this review was to investigate changes in motor control which may be present in athletes with LBP. The search strategy for this review consisted of an electronic database search of full text in MEDLINE database. 28 studies met the eligibility criteria, most of which were cross-sectional in nature. The studies were analyzed separately according to the specific sports involved. The studies demonstrate that athletes with LBP exhibit a range of MCI in the trunk, lumbopelvic region and lower extremities. However, inconsistencies were apparent between the results. Athletes with LBP demonstrate MCI during functional and non-functional tasks, similar to non-athletes. More studies, especially large prospective studies which control for non-mechanical factors which may also differ among athletes with LBP are required to determine the relationship between LBP and MCI in athletes.
Wadim Strielkowski, Anatoly Shishkin,
year 5, Issue 3 (10-2017)
Abstract
Objectives. This paper studies the existence or non-existence of match-fixing (or rigging) among judo wrestlers (judoka) with disabilities during the consecutive Paralympic Games from 1988 until 2016.
Methods. In our analysis, we use the institutional framework that makes it easy understand and model the incentives of the wrestlers using the readily available data. Our data set consists of official judo matches that took place during the Paralympic Games from Seoul in 1988 to Rio in 2016. We analyze the distribution of wins across judokas, the medal count at the end of each medal tournaments.
Results. Our results are quite similar across specifications. There is no significant evidence to prove that some Paralympic judokas tend to be victorious more often on average than it might be expected.
Conclusions. We find no evidence can be found to document match rigging in Paralympic judo wrestling. Our analysis does not confirm the corruption story or rule out effort as the explanation. While the incentive structure of promotion leads to gains from trade between wrestlers on the margin for achieving a winning record and their opponents in some other sports with athletes winning a disproportionate share of the matches when they are on the margin, this does not seem to be the case of Paralympic judo. Reciprocity agreements between Paralympic judo teams from different countries are unlikely to exist, suggesting that collusive behavior is carried out solely by individual actors.
Evrim Çakmakçı, Majid Mozafarizadeh, Seyed Morteza Tayebi,
year 8, Issue 1 (2-2020)
Abstract
Background. Different studies indicate a high prevalence of eating disorders in athletes. These disorders represent a serious defect in many areas of life. Eating disorders can lead to changes in consumer or intake of food and significant damage to physical health and psychosocial sports performance.
Objectives. The aim of the present study was examining the effects of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) on the symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa (BN) of the Athletes.
Methods. The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and three-month follow-up test. Three hundred athletes of endurance, aesthetics and weight-based pre-match sports assessed using the Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale (EDDS) via Structured Clinical Interview (SCID) and found sixteen athletes with BN. Then they assigned randomly to control and experimental groups. The experimental groups treated by CBT using Fairburn et al. (2008) protocol (4 steps, 21 sessions during 16 weeks). Twelve weeks after the final session of CBT, all two groups assessed again by EDDS via SCID for follow up the persistence of CBT.
Results. The symptoms of BN is decreased significantly during CBT, but it didn’t change in the control group (Ƞ2=0.69, f2,28=30.77, p<0.001). On the other hand, the weight of athletes with BN symptoms increased significantly during CBT, but it decreased in the control group (Ƞ2=0.5, f1.27,17.78=14.27, p=0.001).
Conclusion. The results of the present study confirm the effectiveness of CBT on the improvement of BN symptoms and weight management, as well as its persistence in athletes.
Andri Primadhi, Ghuna A. Utoyo, Hermawan Nagar Rasyid,
year 8, Issue 4 (12-2020)
Abstract
Background. Treatment options for lateral ankle sprains continue to evolve as advances are made in terms of techniques and materials.
Objectives. This study was performed to evaluate clinical outcomes and satisfaction between two immobilization materials, semi-rigid cast, and elastic bandages.
Methods. This study was a non-randomized controlled study. Fifty-four patients have undergone immobilization for their sprained ankle and divided into two groups according to the material selection. There were 27 patients in each group. VAS score, Karlsson score, satisfaction scale, and presence of later ankle instability was obtained. Standard descriptive measurement, independent samples t-test, and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis.
Results. The mean age was 25.29 ± 6.04 years old. Sports injury was accounted for 27 patients (50%), followed by internal damage (24 patients; 44.4%). VAS and Karlsson's scores were taken and validated by authors and significantly better in semi-rigid cast groups compared with the elastic bandage group in the first week and second-week follow-up. No significant differences in overall satisfaction and ankle stability after one year.
Conclusion. This study showed that the application of semi-rigid cast yielded quicker recovery in patients with ankle sprain without any decline in satisfaction scale. Therefore, a semi-rigid cast could be preferred over elastic bandage for acute ankle sprains.
Mehdi Nazemi, Seyed Morteza Azimzadeh, Mahdi Talebpour, D. Todd Donavan,
year 8, Issue 4 (12-2020)
Abstract
Background: As a component of the sports industry, professional athletes are always faced with challenges, including injury, performance loss, etc. To overcome these problems, many famous athletes have turned to build their brands, as it enables them to create and maintain a market of customers and fans.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to use the Grounded theory approach to design a model of the micro factor affecting personal brand development for Professional athletes.
Method: The present study was an applied research with a descriptive-survey method, and a library-field data collection method. This research was a qualitative research and was carried out using the Grounded Theory method. In the present study, semi-structured interviews were used as data gathering tools. Sampling was done using judgmental sampling method and followed up to theoretical saturation, which included a total of 18 interviewees.
Results: Based on the findings, after three stages of open coding, selective coding, and theoretical coding, a total of 62 concepts, 11 categories, and 4 factors were obtained that showed "Athlete's Behaviors", "Athlete's Personality Traits", "Marketable Lifestyle" and "Athletic Performance" play an important role in developing the personal brand for professional athletes.
Conclusion: By identifying the factors affecting the personal brand of professional athletes, athletes, managers, and marketers can create and maintain a market for their customers and fans, achieve sustainable income and maintain reputation and popularity.
Shadrack Nthangeni, Abel Toriola, Yvonne Paul, Vinessa Naidoo,
year 9, Issue 2 (7-2021)
Abstract
Background. Universities are perceived as the hub for sports talent identification and development. This perception puts much pressure on student-athletes who are expected to excel in sport despite their academic commitments. Based on this expectation, students who participate in sports could be regarded as athlete-student, rather than student-athlete.
Objectives. The study was carried out to investigate the perceptions of South African student-athletes about the benefits and challenges of participating in varsity sports.
Methods. From an estimated study population of 1892, a sample of 203 (138 male and 65 female) student-athletes participating in athletics, football, netball, and rugby from four universities in Gauteng province of South Africa completed a self-report questionnaire on the benefits and barriers of sport participation. The overall reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.82, and the content validity of the instrument was established.
Results. The student-athletes’ perceived benefits of varsity sports participation included enjoyment, to make their families proud, to make friendships, to complete their studies on record time, to receive performance-related incentives and awards, to be seen on television, and to be scouted by professional teams. Significant challenges faced by the student-athletes included match fixtures clashing with academic timetables, parents/guardians pressurizing them to excel academically, inadequate sporting equipment, fear of injury, and poor academic support needed to catch up with schoolwork.
Conclusion. The current findings have practical implications for the promotion and management of varsity sports competitions in South African universities.
Amir Rifaat Abdul Rahman, Hairul Anuar Hashim, Garry Kuan, Adam Abdul Malik,
year 10, Issue 1 (5-2022)
Abstract
Background. Imagery ability is one of the most potent factors influencing imagery effectiveness. Therefore, prior to imagery training, it is important to assess the participant’s imagery ability, typically using a self-report questionnaire.
Objectives. This study examined the factorial validity and internal consistency of the Malaysian adapted SIAQ using confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha.
Methods. The questionnaire was administered online to 193 participants (101 men and 92 women) with a mean age of 22.06 ± 3.72. The data were normalized, and four models were tested (model 1: data with square root transformation for values above the threshold; model 2: data with logarithm transformation for values above the threshold; model 3: data with values above threshold were logarithm transformed and values that were almost reaching the threshold (Item_4 and Item_12) were transformed by square root; and model 4: data with values above and reaching the threshold were logarithm transformed).
Results. The result of factorial analysis for model 2 revealed a good model fit (X^2=184.76, df=80, p<0.00, X^2/df=2.31, CFI=0.94, TLI=0.92, SRMR=0.05, and RMSEA=0.08) for the five-factor model structure implicating a good factorial validity. Furthermore, all path loadings exceeding 0.50 indicated good convergent validity of the subscales. Moreover, alpha coefficients range from 0.77 to 0.85 (0.85 for skill, 0.77 for strategy, 0.84 for goal, 0.77 for affect, and 0.78 for mastery).
Conclusion. It is concluded that SIAQ-M possesses acceptable factorial validity and internal consistency and can measure imagery ability among Malaysian athletes.
Vilija Bite Fominiene, Jolita Vveinhardt,
year 10, Issue 4 (12-2022)
Abstract
Background. It is acknowledged that aggressive behavior and bullying in sports are destructive aspects of interpersonal relationships.
Objectives. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of bullying and various forms of aggression in the aspects of athletes’ gender and different types of sports and to reveal links between bullying and aggression in sports settings.
Methods. The study involved 1440 athletes representing individual, combat, and team sports. The survey was conducted employing scales of the Bullying and harassment in sport questionnaire (BHISQ): the scale of Types of aggression during training and competitions (TATC) and the scale of Victim, bystander, and bully among insiders and against opponents (VIBB).
Results. The results of the study show that the prevalence of aggressive behavior in the total sample is 12.5 percent. Statistically significant differences in aggressive behavior by gender were identified only in the area of physical and indirect aggression. The verbal form of aggression does not depend on gender but is most commonly used among combat sports athletes. Physical aggression is more common in team sports. After analyzing the prevalence of bullying, it was found that it constituted 46.9 percent of the total sample and the gender factor strongly shows up. Athletes who use aggression engage in bullying episodes more frequently.
Conclusion. The analysis of the relationship between forms of aggression and bullying in sports revealed that in the presence of higher aggression in athletes the risk of bullying in interpersonal relationships increases.
Feda Makkiyah, Diana Agustini, Pritha Maya Savitri, Rahmah Hida Nurrizka, A. Heri Iswanto,
year 10, Issue 4 (12-2022)
Abstract
Background. Osteoarthritis (OA) ranks fifth in the most disabling conditions. Karate is an unarmed combat sport that uses hands and feet to deliver and block blows. The karate movements, such as high load and frequent flexion and extension of the knee, make the athletes susceptible to knee injuries and progress to knee OA (KOA).
Objectives. The study aims to address the prevalence and risk factors of KOA in karate athletes in the Karate Community in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Methods. Fifty-nine karate athletes were enrolled in this cohort study in November 2018. Body weights and heights were measured, and a physical examination was performed. Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaires were given. Ultrasound imaging and X-ray of the knee were conducted. All data were analyzed using STATA 15. A descriptive analysis was performed, and correlations between two continuous variables were analyzed using the Pearson Chi squared-test. Logistic regression analysis evaluated associations between knee osteoarthritis and independent variables such as sex, age, BMI, WOMAC score, injury, and ultrasound findings.
Results. Among 59 karate athletes, 18 (23%) were clinically diagnosed with clinical KOA. Most of them were males (46 instructors). The mean age of KOA was lower than negative KOA (53.61; 54.75 years old) (p=0.332). The WOMAC score was the only variable that showed a difference between the two groups regarding independent variables.
Conclusion. One-third of karate athletes were diagnosed with clinical KOA. WOMAC showed a significant difference between positive KOA and negative KOA.
Mon Redee Sut Txi, Fatin Nurfatehah Mat Salleh, Thariq Khan Azizuddin Khan,
year 11, Issue 2 (8-2023)
Abstract
Background. In order to be successful in sports, coaches, and athletes must work together. As a result, they play an important role in maintaining their relationship.
Objectives. This cross-sectional study determines the athletes’ relationship toward coaches in Malaysia.
Methods. This study included 168 male athletes and 195 female athletes. Archers made up the majority of the participants (12.4%), followed by athletes in athletics (8.8%), petanque (8.8%), and pencak silat (8.5%). An online survey was used, with two measures included: (a) demographics and (b) the Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q).
Results. According to the findings, the athletes have a stronger bond with their coaches. Furthermore, it revealed a significant difference in commitment between males and females and years of experience with a coach. Male athletes are more committed to their coaches than female athletes (t = 2.39, p = 0.02). Athletes who have trained with a coach for more than ten years are found to be more committed to their coach. (t = -2.52, p = 0.01). It reveals a significant difference in complementarity to training time per week (11-20 hours and 21-35 hours) between groups of athletes (F2, 360 = 3.03, p < 0.05).
Conclusion. Findings suggest that additional assessment, monitoring, and treatment plans be developed for athletes, particularly female athletes, and young athletes, to ensure that their psychosocial support is prioritized in the process of building a good social network in a relationship that involves processes to influence each other.
Mustika Fitri, Saepul Anwar, Muhamad Hanif Ramadhan,
year 11, Issue 3 (11-2023)
Abstract
Background. The coronavirus pandemic began to have an impact on sports and athletes following the postponement of some sporting events. This change causes serious damage to the quality and quantity of training, by further setting athletes apart from the reality of daily training and uncertainty about their future.
Objectives. This research aims to give Generation Z athletes the freedom to use social media in the process of physical and mental exercises. Therefore, this study was designed to determine how Generation Z athletes are keeping up with their training routines by using social media.
Methods. This is a qualitative study. This study aims to describe, explain, and describe a phenomenon that is accompanied by evidence from various sources that have been narrated scientific form. The location of this research takes place in Bandung, Indonesia. Ten professional Generation Z athletes in Bandung, Indonesia were interviewed to explore the freedom of using social media while they are doing exercises at home.
Results. The result of the research shows that the use of technology for Generation Z athletes in improvising the process of physical and mental exercise is flexible, where they have the freedom to use social media so that their training spirit remains consistent.
Conclusion. The use of technology for Generation Z athletes in the covid-19 pandemic by utilizing various social media can explore information that is useful for themselves in maintaining physical fitness and mental stability in various forms of exercise variation.
Pathum Weerakkody, Issadee Kutintara, Sid Terason,
year 11, Issue 4 (12-2023)
Abstract
Background. Women and gender issues have become leading topics of concern around the world, and most explore women’s challenges and advancement in all aspects of life.
Objectives. To identify the effects of the Glass Ceiling (GC) factors on Career Development (CD) among women athletes in Sri Lanka's national teams.
Methods. One hundred five respondents were randomly selected using simple random sampling among 144 individuals who were eligible for this study, and a self-administered questionnaire was used to record the answers GC effects were taken as independent variables and Women Career Development (WCD) was taken as the dependent variable.
Results. All the independent variables portrayed a statistically significant association with the dependent variable. Even though a negative association was hypothesized between all these regress and the CD, the only organization depicted a negative association with the dependent variable. Furthermore, the association among the independent variables was also statistically significant, and the most influential factor that affects WCD was organization while culture and the individual were respectively given the impact on the dependent variable. The family was not significant while other independent factors were in the model. Moreover, independent variables remained unchanged even after controlling the effects of age and performance.
Conclusion. Taken together, these results provide solid recommendations to women athletes on how GC factors affect CD in their professional life while addressing the invisible barriers that national women athletes faced during the development of their careers after retiring from sports.
Payel Dey Ghosh, Divyani Khurana,
year 12, Issue 0 (3-2024)
Abstract
No abstract as this is a Letter to the Editor.
Eng Wah Teo, Arthur Ling, Ngien Siong Chin, Remco Polman, Kanagarajah Rarujanai, Lee Sze Kho,
year 12, Issue 2 (6-2024)
Abstract
Background. Sports psychologists believe sports commitment is important to indicate the desire to continue or cease participation in sports from a psychosocial perspective. The Sports Commitment Questionnaire-2 (SCQ-2) has been developed and validated to investigate athletes’ commitment in sports settings in Western countries but not in Malaysia. Hence, it is essential to establish instrument validity before being widely used in Malaysia, especially among athletes.
Objectives. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Sports Commitment Questionnaire-2 (SCQ-2) among Malaysian racquet sports athletes.
Methods. This is a cross-sectional study, a total of 416 players (245 males/ 171 females, µ age=29.94±11.47) completed the SCQ-2 (Scanlan et al., 2016) consisting of 58 items measuring ten factors and two dimensions of sports commitment. We examined the psychometric properties of SCQ-2, by conducting Confirmatory Factor Analysis and examined discriminant validity and composite reliability (CR).
Results. Initial fit indices of the hypothesized measurement model did not achieve satisfactory fit. But, after further model modification i.e., deleting 3 items resulted in good data fit (CFI=0.90, RMSEA=0.05, TLI=0.90, X²/df=2.14). Discriminant validity also met the suggested cutoff value (< 0.90). whereas CR values were acceptable for the subscales ranging from 0.77 to 0.89. Convergent validity (AVE, ranging from 0.50 to 0.58) and discriminant validity (<0.90) were also established.
Conclusion. The SCQ-2 showed adequate validity and reliability which enable sports practitioners to access athletes' commitment in a sports context.
Natthaphol Phewkham, Nilmanee Sriboon, Tawatchai Ploydang, Sairag Saadprai,
year 12, Issue 2 (6-2024)
Abstract
Background. There are limited studies of the reaction time of throwing punches in Thai Amateur Boxing athletes. Amateur Boxing which is point-scoring blows, based on the number of clean punches landed to movable specific areas. This study will be baseline information for developing Amateur Boxing athletes.
Objectives. To compare the reaction time of punches; left, right, double punches.
Methods. Twelve participants were male Amateur Boxing athletes of the Thailand National Team, 18–35 years old, Welterweight – Light Heavyweight, right-handedness. Participants warmed up and familiarized themselves with the procedure, then randomly selected order and performed 3 sets of left, right, and double punch over 60 seconds, using SMART fit to measure the number of punches thrown per stimulus (times/second), the fastest punching time per stimulus (seconds), the average reaction time to stimulus (seconds) of each punch type.
Results. Using One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA, the number of punches thrown per stimulus between left and double punch was a significant difference (p=0.000); also between right and double punch (p=0.000). The fastest punching time per stimulus was a significant difference between left and double punch (p=0.006). The average reaction time to the stimulus was a significant difference between left and double punch (p=0.000), and also between right and double punch (p=0.000).
Conclusion. Throwing double punch produced the highest number of punches thrown, the fastest punching time, and a better average reaction time per stimulus than left or right punch. In terms of the reaction time to stimulus, throwing double punch is the most effective but the left punch is less effective form of punch.
Kashish Pandey, Khusboo K.,
year 12, Issue 3 (9-2024)
Abstract
Background. Regular training produces regular discomfort through pain, discomfort, and adverse conditions in sports. Hence, tolerance to pain sensitivity and focusing only on the controllable can be effectuated through stoicism. Athletes often take on stoic attitudes while managing their emotions, as the former teaches athletes to maintain their inner tranquillity, which helps them avoid impulsive reactions during competitions and helps them perform. Stoicism helps athletes tolerate the pain threshold as the former aligns well with the sports environment's demands, which can positively impact the athletes' performance through better self-control, adaptability, etc. In the prior literature, there have been inconsistent studies concerning which gender is stoic or emotionally intelligent; hence, exploring the moderating role of gender will give a nuanced perspective to the findings, and an intervention can be tailored based on the same.
Objectives. In order to bridge this gap, the present research aims to study gender as a moderator between stoicism and emotional intelligence toward athletic performance.
Methods. The sample of 453 athletes (Female=118, Male=335) from Delhi-NCR was determined with G*Power 3.1 software. A significant moderation effect was analyzed through the Hayes Process module, further followed by the Johnson-Neyman technique to probe interactions.
Results. The findings concluded that male athletes who are emotionally intelligent and stoic are likely to perform better than female athletes.
Conclusion. Hence, future suggestions have given strong evidence for developing intervention plans for the athletes.
Irem Ekinci, Serap Colak, Fatih Tezel,
year 12, Issue 3 (9-2024)
Abstract
Background. In individual and team sports, various internal and external factors influence individuals to engage in these sports. These factors also play a role in the coach-athlete relationship.
Objectives. This study investigates the coach-athlete relationship and the factors influencing participation motivation for individual and team athletes.
Methods. The study included 100 male and female amateur athletes between the ages of 14 and 18. Participants were administered a personal information form (gender, age, education level, sports discipline, years of participation), a coach-athlete relationship scale, and a participation motivation scale. SPSS 25.00 software package was used for data analysis.
Results. The analysis revealed a significant relationship in favor of individual sports in the coach-athlete relationship's common goal (p=0.010) and trust sub-dimensions (p=0.28), while a significant relationship in favor of team sports was found in the friendship sub-dimension of participation motivation (p=0.14).
Conclusion. As a result, it is believed that the factors influencing individuals' participation in sports and the communication established by the coach with the athletes will play an essential role in both participation motivation and the athletes' success.
