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Altered Motor Control in Athletes with Low Back Pain: a Literature Review
Rahman Sheikhhoseini, Kieran O'Sullivan, Mohammad Hossein Alizadeh, Meisam Sadeghisani,
year 4, Issue 4 (12-2016)
Abstract

Low back pain (LBP) is also one of the most common medical conditions in athletes. There is little doubt that patients with LBP use from their body differently than pain free individuals. The purpose of this review was to investigate changes in motor control which may be present in athletes with LBP. The search strategy for this review consisted of an electronic database search of full text in MEDLINE database. 28 studies met the eligibility criteria, most of which were cross-sectional in nature. The studies were analyzed separately according to the specific sports involved. The studies demonstrate that athletes with LBP exhibit a range of MCI in the trunk, lumbopelvic region and lower extremities. However, inconsistencies were apparent between the results. Athletes with LBP demonstrate MCI during functional and non-functional tasks, similar to non-athletes. More studies, especially large prospective studies which control for non-mechanical factors which may also differ among athletes with LBP are required to determine the relationship between LBP and MCI in athletes.


Altered Lower Limb Kinematics during Jumping among Athletes with Persistent Low Back Pain
Rahman Sheikhhoseini, Mohammad-Hossein Alizadeh, Mahyar Salavati, Kieran O'Sullivan, Elham Shirzad, Marzieh Movahed,
year 6, Issue 2 (7-2018)
Abstract
Background. The kinematics of a controlled functional task in female volleyball athletes may be an interesting area of study. Therefore, investigating if there are kinematic changes in a jump landing jump task among female athletes with low back pain (LBP) may help therapists and trainers better prevent and/or rehabilitate LBP in athletes.
Objectives. The purpose of this study was to examine lumbopelvic and lower extremity kinematics in athletes with persistent LBP during a jumping task.
Methods. A comparative cross sectional study conducted in a university research laboratory. Professional female volleyball players with (n = 20) and without (n = 18) LBP were recruited from the Iranian female volleyball league. To reduce heterogeneity, one particular subgroup of athletes with LBP were selected. Kinematic data including lumbar extension, hip flexion, rotation and adduction and knee flexion and abduction angles when the center of mass was at minimum height during a jump-landing-jump maneuver were collected using a Vicon motion analysis system and analysed using MATLAB software. Independent t-tests were used to compare mean values between the groups.
Results. Athletes with LBP had significantly greater hip flexion (LBP: -73.62±11.06˚; Control: -62.88±7.03˚, p=0.016) and significantly less knee flexion (LBP: 77.06±7.27 ˚, Control: 81.62±4.70 ˚, p=0.029) at the lowest point of the jump than athletes without LBP. There were no other significant differences between the groups (p>0.05).
Conclusion. A subgroup of female athletes with LBP display altered lower extremity kinematics during a jump task than athletes without LBP. This may have important implications for lower limb performance and injury.

Effect of Fatigue on Biomechanical Variable Changes in Overhead Badminton Jump Smash
Agus Rusdiana, Herman Subarjah, Iman Imanudin, Yopi Kusdinar, Angga M Syahid, Tian Kurniawan,
year 8, Issue 3 (10-2020)
Abstract
Background. The badminton forehand overhead jump smash is one of the high speed and powerful motions among various racket sports.
Objectives. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of fatigue on the kinematic variable movement changes during overhead jump smash in badminton.
Methods. This study is descriptive quantitative research with the pre-test and post-test design methods used to obtain data from 15 male badminton players, aged 19.4 ± 1.6 years, height 1.73 ± 0.12 m, and weight 60.8 ± 3.7 kg. The study used three high-resolution handy-cams, motion software Frame DIAZ IV, and 14 point manual markers to analyze body segments’ movement when carrying out a jump smash. Furthermore, an ergo treadmill was used to test the players’ level by running.
Results. The results showed that the shuttlecock velocity was faster during pre-fatigue (188 km/h) than under the condition (145 km/h). A significant difference showed in the angle of shoulder internal rotation (p=0.048) and wrist palmar flexion (p=0.037) at the instant of maximal shoulder external rotation phase. Furthermore, there were significant differences in the shoulder’s internal angular velocity (p=0.042), elbow extension (p=0.035), forearm supination (p=0.024), and wrist Dorsi dorsiflexion.040).
Conclusion. In conclusion, fatigue reduces players’ performances during jumping smash in badminton, thereby leading to slower shuttlecock speed and changes in body segment movements.

Statistical and Practical Significance of Articles at Sports Biomechanics Conferences
Uday Hasan,
year 9, Issue 3 (10-2021)
Abstract
Background. The importance of using statistical approaches has increased and became necessary for researchers and specialists in sports biomechanics because they need more objective and accurate methods to increase knowledge.
Objectives. Evaluate the reality of using practical significance in the articles published in scientific conferences in the biomechanical sport.
Methods. One hundred twenty-four articles were analyzed of 134 in terms of statistical approaches to calculate practical significance. These results were then compared with those of statistical significance to reveal the extent of similarities or differences between the results.
Results. The mean test, which was the most commonly used descriptive statistical test, was applied in 114 articles (i.e., 92%); the T-test of paired samples, which was the most used difference measurement tests, was involved in 45 papers (i.e., 36%), statistical tests that measure the relationship between variables were used in 46 articles (i.e., 37%). Likewise, no items used advanced statistical tests except for six articles (i.e., 5%), which used regression and factor analysis. T-test independent samples are the most used statistical tests in sports biomechanics articles in which the results of practical significance matched those of statistical significance (88%).
Conclusion. The use of practical significance was almost non-existent. Also, it was observed that there was a large percentage of practical significance mismatch with the statistical significance of many statistical tests, which was a considerable negative indicator that affected the quality of sports biomechanics articles.

The Effect of Inter-Repetition Rest Duration on Kinematic of Snatch
Kevin Tan, Nur Ikhwan Bin Mohamad, Ali Md Nadzalan,
year 9, Issue 3 (10-2021)
Abstract
Background. Controlling and manipulating inter-repetition rest (IRR) could develop diverse levels of fatigue and manifest changes to lifting mechanics.
Objectives. This study's objective was to examine the effect of IRR on the kinematic of snatch lifting during multiple set exercise protocol.
Methods. Fifteen male (n=15) athletes participated in this study (age = 21.0 ± 1.41 years; body weight = 60.82 ± 2.45 kg; height = 165.70 ± 10.88 cm; snatch one-repetition maximum (1RM)/body mass = 0.73 ± 0.117). Session 1 consisted of anthropometric and 1RM determination. Sessions 2-4 involved subjects performing three sets x 5 repetitions of 85% 1RM with 10, 30, or 50 seconds of IRR implemented randomly. Ankle, knee, and hip joint velocity and barbell velocity (BV) were obtained during each protocol using VICON Motion Analysis (100Hz).
Results. Repeated measure ANOVA showed significant differences found in ankle, knee, and hip joint velocity. The barbell velocity showed a significant effect between IRR, (F (2, 28) = 22.831, P < 0.05). Repeated measure Manova showed a significant effect of IRR on the maintenance of kinematics variables across repetition. Barbell velocity showed a significant effect of IRR on the maintenance of velocity across repetition (P = 0.029).
Conclusion. Due to the differences found between IRR protocols, the implementation of IRR may increase or decrease kinematic output due to the different levels of fatigue. The implementation of IRR can help to maintain kinematic variables, which often are affected by neuromuscular fatigue occurred with continuous repetition.

3D Kinematics Analysis of Overhead Backhand and Forehand Smash Techniques in Badminton
Agus Rusdiana,
year 9, Issue 3 (10-2021)
Abstract
Background. This study aims to analyze the movement of backhand and forehand smash stroke techniques in badminton in three dimensions using a kinematics approach.
Objectives. The obtained results were analyzed using a descriptive and quantitative approach.
Methods. Furthermore, 24 male badminton players from the university student activity unit with an average age of 19.4 ± 1.6 years, height of 1.73 ± 0.12 m, and weight of 62.8 ± 3.7 kg participated in this study. The study was conducted using 3 Panasonic Handycams, a calibration set, 3D Frame DIAZ IV motion analysis software, and a speed radar gun.
Results. The data normalization from the kinematics values of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joint motion was calculated using the inverse dynamics method. In addition, a one-way ANOVA test was used to identify differences in the kinematics of motion between two different groups. The obtained results showed that the speed of the shuttlecock during the forehand smash was greater than that during the backhand smash. In the maximal shoulder external rotation phase, two variables were identified to have the best results during the forehand smash, i.e., the velocity of shoulder external rotation and wrist palmar flexion.
Conclusion. The velocity of shoulder internal rotation, elbow extension, and forearm supination in the maximum angular velocity phase was higher when making a forehand smash.

Three-Dimensional Kinematical Analysis of Jump Serve In Volleyball: Muscle Fatigue Effects
Bu Jang, Agus Rusdiana, Sam Sudin,
year 10, Issue 3 (10-2022)
Abstract
Background. This study aimed to analyze core muscle fatigue effects on the kinematic parameters change during volleyball jump serve.
Methods. The participants were sixteen experienced male volleyball players with average age, height, and body weight of 24.6 ± 1.8 years, 1.85 ± 1.6 m, and 79.5 ± 3.5 kg, respectively. This study utilized two high-resolution video cameras, a drone video, a lactate analyzer, and a radar speed gun. Meanwhile, the eight kinematics parameters analyzed at the approach, plant, and jump phases showed that the ball speed decreased significantly in the fatigue condition compared to the non-fatigue counterpart.
Results. There was a significant difference in the jump phase duration, step length, and jump height variables for the fatigue and non-fatigue conditions during the jump serve in volleyball. Furthermore, the six kinematics parameters analyzed in the maximal shoulder external rotation phase showed a significant difference in fatigue and non-fatigue conditions found in the shoulder external rotation and trunk tilt backward parameters. Meanwhile, the maximum angular velocity phase at the upper limb joint during the jump serve showed that the variable shoulder internal rotation decreases significantly in the fatigue condition compared to the non-fatigue counterparts. Also, in the trunk rotation and trunk tilt forward, a significant decrease in the upper limb joint’s maximum angular velocity was observed in the fatigue condition during the volleyball jump serve.
Conclusion. Fatigue reduces players’ performances during jump serve in volleyball, leading to slower ball speed and changes in body segment movements.

The Effect of Foot Postures and Biomechanical Parameters of the Foot-ankle Segment on Static Balance in Amateur Female Futsal Players
Ertuğrul Çakır,
year 12, Issue 3 (9-2024)
Abstract
Background. Balance is a critical component in athletic performance, particularly in sports like futsal, where rapid changes in direction and stability are essential. Foot posture and the biomechanical properties of the foot-ankle complex have been hypothesized to influence balance. However, the relationship between these factors and balance performance in amateur female futsal players remains unclear.
Objectives. The study aimed to analyze the relationship between foot postures, foot-ankle biomechanical parameters (such as muscular strength, ankle range of motion, passive subtalar inversion-eversion range, calcaneal position), and static balance skills in 54 amateur female futsal players.
Methods. Static balance was assessed using the Flamingo and Stork tests. Muscular strength of crural and femoral muscles was measured by ankle and knee flexion/extension maximal voluntary concentric contraction torque (MVCCT) at 60˚/s with an isokinetic dynamometer. No significant correlation was found between foot postures (asymptotic significance >0.05) and foot-ankle biomechanical properties with balance performance (Pearson correlation coefficients <0.5).
Results. A moderate correlation existed between ankle plantar flexor strength and the Stork test (Spearman correlation coefficient =0.6).
Conclusion. There was no significant relationship between foot-ankle biomechanical parameters and balance scores (Spearman correlation coefficients <0.5). The study concluded that foot type and biomechanical parameters do not correlate with balance performance, though muscle strength is emphasized in maintaining postural stability during the Stork test.

Technological Innovation in Increasing Sport Access and Participation for People with Disabilities and Inactivity-A Report on 1st Conference USCI (University Sport Consortium International)_November 5-6, 2024
Seyed Morteza Tayebi, Fatemeh Ghorbanalizadeh Ghaziani, Abdirrohim Muhammad Qori, Abdul Halim Mokhtar, Abna Hidayati, Adhadi Kurniawan, Adi Ahmad Supendi, Afianti Sulastri, Afif Khoirul Hidayat, Afif Rusdiawan, Afif Rusdiawan, Agus Gumilar, Agus Hariyanto, Ahmad Chaeroni, Alchonity Harika Fitri, Aldilla Yulia Wiellys Sutikno, Aldo Naza Putra, Alex Alda Yudi, Alexandre Sibomana, Alfand Setiawan, Ali Munir, Alimuddin, Alnedral, Alpin Herman Saputra, Alvendo Pratama, Amin Akbar, Amung Ma’mun, Anas Ardiansyah, Andes Permadi, Andika Prabowo, Andra Rizky Putra, Andre Igoresky, Andri Gemaini, Anggi Yusriana, Anggun Permata Sari, Anisa Soliha Mia, Anton Komaini, Ardhika Falaahudin, Ardi Arif, Ardo Okilanda, Arfa Adha, Argantos, Ariando Ariston, Aridhotul Haqiyah, Arie Asnaldi, Arif Fadli Muchlis, Arifah Kaharina, Aris Fajar Pambudi, Arisman, Armaita, Arsil, Artha Ivonita Simbolon, Aulia Rahmad, Aydin Karacam, Az Zuhran Zainal, Badai Meganagara Dradjat, Bafirman, Bangkit Yudho Prabowo, Bayu Hardiyono, Bayu Haryanto, Bayu Insanistyo, Bayu Putra, Bekir Car, Bekir Erhan Orhan, Bernadeta Suhartini, Bogy Restu Ilahi, Bujang, Burhan Basyiruddin, Cahyo Wibowo, Cerika Rismayanthi, Dadan Resmana, Daharnis Daharnis, Dally Rahman, Damardjati Kun Marjanto, Damrah, Dani Nur Riyadi, Dani Primanata, Danny Eka Wahyu Saputra, Darni, Deby Tri Mario, Del Asri, Desi Purnama Sari, Despita Antoni, Dessi Novita Sari, Deswandi, Dewi Kiani Cakrawati, Dian Pujianto, Didi Suryadi, Dindin Abidin, Donal Syafrianto, Doni Priawan, Donie, Dwi Cahyo Kartiko, Dwi Esti Kusumandari, Dwi Happy Anggia Sari, Eddy Marheni, Edwarsyah, Eko Purnomo, Eldawaty, Elma Haryani, Elsa Yuniarti, Ely Yuliawan, Endang Sepdanius, Erianti, Erwin Setyo Kriswanto, Eva Faridah, Eval Edmizal, Fadlillah, Fahmil Haris, Faradifta Tirta Ardita, Fathurrahman Hafid , Fatih Hazar, Fiky Zarya, Fina Hiasa, Firunika Intan Cahyani, Fransisca Januarumi Marhaendra, Gigih Siantoro, Giovanne Farell, Gusril, Hadi Pery Fajri, Hafizah Delyana, Hansi Effendi, Happy Fitria, Hari Setijono, Haripah Lawanis, Hartati, Hasan Basri, Hastria Effendi, Hayudi, Hazrina Amni, Hendra Afriwan, Hendri Irawadi, Hendri Neldi, Heny Setyawati, Heri Haryanto, Herman Subarjah, Hermanzoni, Hernawan, Heru Andika, Heryanto Nur Muhammad, Hilmainur Syampurma, Hilmy Apriady, Husnul Khatimah, Ifdil, Iit Selviani, Ilham, Ilham, Imantara Subagio, Indri Wulandari, Inge Angelia, Irma Febriyanti, Irpan Nopriansah, Isti Dwi Puspita Wati, Istiqomah Istiqomah, Iwan Setiawan, Jaffry Zakaria, Jaka Putra Utama, Jannatul Khairoh, Japhet Ndayisenga, Jeki , Jepri Naldi , Jeri Harliangga, Jhon Roby Purba, Joan Siswoyo, Johansyah Lubis , Jose Vicente Garcia Jimenez, Juanda Putra, Kadek Heri Sanjaya, Kamal Firdaus, Karuppasamy Govindasamy, Khairani , Khairuddin, Kolektus Oky Ristanto, Komarudin, Kristian Burhan, Kurniati Rahayuni, Leo Pratama, Lili Adi Wibowo, Liza, Lucy Widya Fathir, M Fahli Zatra Hadi, M. Adli Bin Mohd Sidi, M. Arie Desman, Maidawilis, Maifina Sri Ningsih, Mardepi Saputra, Mario Febrian, Marsika Sepyanda, Mas Nur Zafirah Muhammad Saad, Masrun, Meiriani Armen, Meirizal Usra, Melisa, Mikkey Anggara Suganda, Mochamad Ridwan, Mochammad Azqilla Ahdalazim, Mohad Anizu Mohd Nor, Mohamad Nizam Nazarudin, Mohamad Rahizam Abdul Rahim, Mohd Hafizuddin Baki, Muhammad Fakhrur Rozi, Muhammad Azhar Robbani, Muhammad Arnando, Muhamad Sazeli Rifki, Muhammad Andika Marlis Ramadhan, Muhamad Ichsan Sabillah, Muchamad Arif Al Ardha, Mohd Salleh Bin Aman, Mohd Izwan Shahril, Mohd Huzairi Mohd Sani, Nurlan Kusmaedi, Nuridin Widya Pranoto, Nurhastuti, Nurhasan, Nurettin Konar, Nur Adila Wafiqoh Zulvi, Nugroho Susanto, Novita Intan Arovah, Novia Nazirun, Novadri Ayubi, Norhazira Abdul Rahim, Nor Eeza Zainal Abidin, Nofri Hendri, Nina Jermaina, Nilma Zola, Nikmatullaili, Nidya Fitri, Nguyen Tra Giang, Neneng Habibah, Nasnoor Juzaily Bin Mohd Masiruddin, Nanik Indahwati, Naluri Denay, Mutiara Felicita Amsal, Muhammad Galih Gusti Sidik, Mustika Fitri, Nurmaines Adhyka, Nurul Diyana Binti Sanuddin, Nurul Ihsan, Oce Ridwanudin, Oce Wiriawan, Oddie Bananda Rizki, Omar Firdaus, Oyatra Warda Utama, Padli, Pahala Tua Hutajulu, Parama Surya Kustrapsila, Pringgo Mardesia, Prisca Widiawati, Pudia M. Indika, Raden Sudarwo, Ramadoni, Ramdan Pelana, Randi Kurniawan, Rani Nurhasanah, Rara Putri Maliza, Ratko Pavlović, Raudhatul Hanifah, Rayendra, Refnaldi, Resmi Darni, Resti Nurpratiwi, Retnaningtyas Susanti, Rezha Arzhan Hidayat, Rezki, Rezki Mukhlis Ardiansyah, Rezli Oktaviani, Rices Jatra, Ridho Bahtra, Rijal Khaerani, Rika Sepriani, Rila Muspita, Rima Pratiwi Fadli, Rini Afriani, Rini Ismalasari, Riska Ramadani Lasri, Rivaldi Arissaputra, Rivalwan, Rizki Almauli, Roni Andri Pramita, Ronni Yenes, Rose Rahmidani, Rosly Yusoff, Rosmawati, Rozaireen Muszali, Rully Efendi, Rusdinal, Rustamadji, Samuel Martin Pradana, Sandey Tantra Paramitha, Sapto Wibowo, Sari Mariati, Satria Lintang Rachmadana, Sawirman, Schillaci Valley Mucci, Sefri Hardiansyah, Sepriadi, Septian Raibowo, Septian Willyanto, Septri, Serli Marlina, Shahrulfitri Borhan, Shariman Ismadi, Shukhratulla Allamuratov, Siska Alicia Farma, Siti Aishah Md Yusop, Siti Musliha Mat Rasid, Slamet Raharjo, Soeci Izzati Adlya, Soni Nopembri, Sonya Nelson, Soyib Tajibaev, Sri Gusti Handayani, Sri Indah Ihsani, Sri Rizki Handayani, Sri Wicahyani, Suci Nanda Sari, Sufyarma Marsidin, Suharjana, Sukendro, Sukiri, Sulistiyono, Sumarjo, Sumarsih Anwar, Sumaryanti, Suryo Utomo, Suwirman, Syafruddin, Syahrastani, Syahrial Bakhtiar, Syaiful Haq, Syamsuar, Tandiyo Rahayu, Tatang Iskandar, Taufiq Hidayat, Thadius Yambedoan, Thesya Alda Nia, Tika Gustina, Tirto Apriyanto, Tjung Hauw Sin, Tri Irfa Indrayani, Umar, Uray Gustian, Vanessa Gaffar, Varhatun Fauziah, Vega Soniawan, Villia Anggraini, Vlad Adrian Geantă, Wakhid Kozin, Wan Ahmad Munsif Wan Pa, Waskito Aji Suryo Putro, Wawan Sundawan Suherman, Wedi, Weny Sasmitha, Wilda Welis, Willadi Rasyid, Wulandari Putri, Wuri Syaputri, Y. Touvan Juni Samodra, Yahya, Yahya Eko Nopiyanto, Yanuar Kiram, Yaslindo, Yasri, Yayang Yulia Sari, Yendrizal, Yogi Andria, Yogi Arnaldo Putra, Yogi Setiawan, Yona Mita Soma, Yovhandra Ockta, Yudanto, Yudi Budianti, Yummi Meirafoni, Yuni Astuti, Yuni Fitriyah Ningsih, Yunita Lasma, Yusradinafi, Yuyun Bewelli Fahmi, Zakiah Noordin, Zsolt Németh, Zulakhbal, Zulbahri,
year 13, Issue 0 (1-2025)
Abstract
The conference's final report, including a short report of all articles, is downloadable. The conference was held at Universitas Negeri Padang in Indonesia with the executive participation of four universities from three countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines) under a formation named "University Sport Consortium International (USCI)."
This conference's scope was multidisciplinary in sports sciences and physical education, with a notable aspect of "Technological Innovation in Increasing Sport Access and Participation for People with Disabilities and Inactivity."

Dynamic Plantar Pressure Patterns and Their Role in Optimizing Energy Transfer During the Golf Swing
Khemchat Chaemklan, Pornthep Rachnavy, Soodkhet Pojprapai, Dipak Kumar Agrawal,
year 13, Issue 2 (7-2025)
Abstract
Background. Transferring energy from the lower extremities to the torso is a crucial mechanism enabling an effective golf swing. However, the optimal plantar pressure distribution that facilitates this energy flow has not been thoroughly investigated.
Objectives. This study explored the relationship and predictive potential between peak in-shoe plantar pressures at specific locations and the mechanical energy flow to the torso region during the golf swing.
Methods. Thirty amateur golfers, each with a handicap between 0 and 15, participated in this study. This range represents golfers with moderate skill levels, including highly skilled amateurs (closer to 0) and intermediate players (closer to 15). Plantar pressure distribution was recorded with instrumented insoles, and torso energy flow was measured using a 3D motion analysis system and force plate. Stepwise regression analysis identified pressure locations contributing to energy transfer (p<0.05).
Results. Peak plantar pressures at the right medial metatarsal (β=1.75, t=4.31, p=0.001) and left lateral arch (β=1.35, t=2.22, p=0.048) were positively linked to trunk energy transfer, while left great toe pressure (β=-20.06, t=-4.51, p=0.001) showed a significant negative correlation. The regression model had an R² of 0.80.
Conclusion. The findings suggest optimal plantar pressure supports efficient energy transfer, while pressure in unfavorable locations may hinder swing efficiency.

Effects of Wearing Functional Garment on Balance, Cervical Lordosis Angle, and Aerobic Performance in Amateur Runners: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial
Han Soo Park, Jae Keun Oh, Mu Yeop Ji,
year 13, Issue 2 (7-2025)
Abstract
Background. The growing popularity of marathon running has increased interest in enhancing performance and preventing injuries. Balance, posture, and respiratory function are crucial for marathon runners.
Objectives. This study investigated the effects of posture-correcting functional garments on male amateur runners' balance, cervical lordosis angle, and aerobic capacity.
Methods. Thirty male amateur marathon runners (aged 30–50 years) were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (EG, n=15), wearing functional garments designed for posture maintenance and spinal correction during both training and daily activities, or a control group (CG, n=15), without garments. The intervention lasted 4 weeks, with both groups participating in aerobic running sessions thrice weekly. Static balance, the primary outcome, was assessed using the Biodex Balance System to measure the overall stability index (OSI), anterior-posterior stability index (APSI), and medial-lateral stability index (MLSI). Cervical lordosis angle was assessed using craniovertebral angle (CVA) measurements, and aerobic capacity was evaluated using the Bruce protocol for maximum heart rate (HRmax), maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Statistical analysis was conducted using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance.
Results. Participants in the EG showed significant improvements in static balance (OSI and APSI; P<0.001 and P=0.012, respectively), CVA (P=0.021), and VO2max (P<0.001) than those in the CG.
Conclusion. Functional garments enhance balance, posture, and aerobic capacity in male amateur runners, offering potential performance and injury prevention benefits. Further studies should investigate long-term effects and applications in diverse athletes.

Motor Response Time and Biomechanical Factors in Stationary Handball Shooting Accuracy Among University Players
Abbas Hussein Khalifa, Mustafa Ahmed Obaid, Zahraa Adnan Hadi,
year 13, Issue 4 (12-2025)
Abstract
Background. Handball is a team sport that demands quick reflexes and precise motor skills, particularly in shooting. Players' ability to shoot accurately and swiftly while stationary makes upper limb reaction time crucial for success.
Objectives. The research objective is to investigate the relationship between the motor time of the arm muscles and the accuracy index of shooting from a stationary position in fourth-stage handball players.
Methods. The researchers employed the descriptive method because it is a commonly used method in research on a sample of students from the fourth stage of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The sample consisted of 29 male students from the community of origin and 43 students.
Results. It is showed that the variables under study have significant direct correlations with the accuracy variable of shooting from stability, where the correlation of the motor response time was r=0.73 (p=0.047), the speed of movement of the arm r=0.87 (p=0.380), the maximum decrease in the knee angle variable r=0.77 (p=0.360) and the maximum decrease in the center of mass of the body was r=0.79 (p=0.380). In contrast, the degree of elbow angle during the ball's exit was variable, r=0.62 (p=0.560), and the degree of wrist angle during the ball's exit was variable, r=0.79 (p=0.380).
Conclusion. The study found that motor response speed, knee angle, and body center of mass have a significant impact on skill accuracy. These factors balance the player and maintain the movement path, resulting in an integrated skill. The accuracy of shooting from consistency in handball is primarily determined by the angle taken at each stage, particularly during the exit phase of the ball.

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