Articles In Press / Online First                   Back to the articles list | Back to browse issues page


XML Print


1- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, India.
2- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, India. , khushboo.sbss@mriu.edu.in
Abstract:   (383 Views)
Background. In sports, regular training produces regular discomfort through pain, discomfort, and adverse conditions. Hence, tolerance to pain sensitivity and focusing only on the controllable can be effectuated through the principle of stoicism. Athletes often take on stoic attitudes while managing their emotions as the former teaches athletes to maintain their inner tranquillity which helps in avoiding impulsive reactions during competitions which helps them in their performance. Stoicism helps athletes in tolerating the pain threshold as the former aligns well with the demands of the sports environment which can impact the athletes' performance positively through better self-control, adaptability, etc. In the prior literature, there have been inconsistent studies with respect to which gender is stoic or emotionally intelligent, hence, exploring the moderating role of gender will give a nuanced perspective to the findings and an intervention can be tailored based on the same.
Objectives. In order to bridge this gap, the present research aims to study gender as a moderator between stoicism and emotional intelligence toward athletic performance.
Methods. The sample of 453 athletes (Female=118, Male=335) from Delhi-NCR which was determined with G*Power 3.1 software. Through the Hayes Process module, a significant moderation effect was analyzed which was further followed by the Johnson-Neyman technique to probe interactions.
Results. The findings concluded that male athletes who are emotionally intelligent and stoic are likely to perform better than female athletes.
Conclusion. Hence, future suggestions have given strong evidence for developing intervention plans for the athletes.
Full-Text [PDF 350 kb]   (244 Downloads)    
 
 
APPLICABLE REMARKS
  • The necessity of building an intervention plan that focuses on developing stoic principles and emotional intelligence among budding athletes.
  • Provide the players with psychological skills, through training and educational meetings that advocate the efficacy of stoic principles.
  • The necessity to provide the findings of this study to the Federation concerned with the game and the Olympic Committee.
  • The necessity of holding workshops and training courses for workers in the sports field, particularly track and field, and various sports.

Type of Study: Original Article | Subject: Sport Psychology and its Related Branches
Received: 2023/10/12 | Accepted: 2024/01/3

References
1. 1. Laborde S. Bridging the gap between emotion and cognition: An overview. Performance Psychology. 2016; 1:275-89. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-803377-7.00017-X]
2. Laborde S, Dosseville F, Allen MS. Emotional intelligence in sport and exercise: A systematic review. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2016;26(8):862-74. [DOI:10.1111/sms.12510] [PMID]
3. Hanin Y. Emotions in sport: Current issues and perspectives. InHandbook of Sport Psychology; Tenenbaum, G., Ecklund, R., Eds. Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, USA; 2007. [DOI:10.1002/9781118270011.ch2]
4. Jekauc D, Nigg CR, Kanning M, Williams DM, Wagner I, Rhodes RE. Affect in Sports, Physical Activity and Physical Education. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021;11(12):785814. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.785814] [PMID] []
5. Lazarus RS. How emotions influence performance in competitive sports. The sport psychologist. 2000;14(3):229-52. [DOI:10.1123/tsp.14.3.229]
6. Kopp A, Jekauc D. The influence of emotional intelligence on performance in competitive sports: A meta-analytical investigation. Sports. 2018;6(4):175. [DOI:10.3390/sports6040175] [PMID] []
7. Kleinginna Jr PR, Kleinginna AM. A categorized list of emotion definitions, with suggestions for a consensual definition. Motivation and emotion. 1981;5(4):345-79. [DOI:10.1007/BF00992553]
8. Jekauc D, Brand R. How do emotions and feelings regulate physical activity? Frontiers in Psychology. 2017; 8:1145. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01145] [PMID] []
9. Beedie CJ, Terry PC, Lane AM. The profile of mood states and athletic performance: Two meta-analyses. Journal of applied sport psychology. 2000;12(1):49-68. [DOI:10.1080/10413200008404213]
10. Jekauc D, Kittler C, Schlagheck M. Effectiveness of a mindfulness-based intervention for athletes. Psychology. 2016;8(1):1-3. [DOI:10.4236/psych.2017.81001]
11. Mayer JD, Caruso DR, Salovey P. The ability model of emotional intelligence: Principles and updates. Emotion review. 2016;8(4):290-300. [DOI:10.1177/1754073916639667]
12. Goleman D. Emotional intelligence. Bloomsbury Publishing; 2020 Dec 8.
13. Cherniss C. Emotional intelligence: Toward clarification of a concept. Industrial and organizational psychology. 2010;3(2):110-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01222.x [DOI:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01231.x]
14. Keefer K, Parker J, Saklofske DH. Emotional intelligence in education. Integrating Research with Practice. Cham (Suiza): Springer. 2018. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-90633-1]
15. Mazumdar I, Chaudhary C. Challenges and Opportunities at Paralympics. International Journal of Yogic, Human Movement and Sport Sciences, 2020;5(2):27-30.
16. Mauerberg-deCastro E, Campbell DF, Tavares CP. The global reality of the Paralympic Movement: Challenges and opportunities in disability sports. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física. 2016; 22:111-23. [DOI:10.1590/S1980-6574201600030001]
17. Willick SE, Lexell J. Paralympic sports medicine and sports science-introduction. PM&R. 2014;6(8S): S1-3. [DOI:10.1016/j.pmrj.2014.05.022] [PMID]
18. Friesen AP, Lane AM, Devonport TJ, Sellars CN, Stanley DN, Beedie CJ. Emotion in sport: Considering interpersonal regulation strategies. International review of sport and exercise psychology. 2013;6(1):139-154. [DOI:10.1080/1750984X.2012.742921]
19. McCarthy PJ. Positive emotion in sport performance: current status and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2011;4(1):50-69. [DOI:10.1080/1750984X.2011.560955]
20. Crombie D, Lombard C, Noakes T. Emotional intelligence scores predict team sports performance in a national cricket competition. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 2009;4(2):209-224. [DOI:10.1260/174795409788549544]
21. Laborde S, Dosseville F, Guillén F, Chávez E. Validity of the trait emotional intelligence questionnaire in sports and its links with performance satisfaction. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2014;15(5):481-490. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.05.001]
22. Perlini AH, Halverson TR Emotional intelligence in the national hockey league. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du behaviour. 2006;38(2):109. [DOI:10.1037/cjbs2006001]
23. Petrides KV, Niven L, Mouskounti T. The trait emotional intelligence of ballet dancers and musicians. Psicothema. 2006; 18:101-107.
24. Zizzi S, Deaner H, Hirschhorn D. The relationship between emotional intelligence and performance among college basketball players. Journal of applied sport Psychology. 2003;15(3):262-269. [DOI:10.1080/10413200305390]
25. Tok S, Binboğa E, Guven S, Çatıkkas F, Dane S. Trait emotional intelligence, the Big Five personality traits and isometric maximal voluntary contraction level under stress in athletes. Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research. 2013;19(3):133-138. [DOI:10.1016/j.npbr.2013.04.005]
26. Laborde S, Lautenbach F, Allen MS, Herbert C, Achtzehn S. The role of trait emotional intelligence in emotion regulation and performance under pressure. Personality and Individual differences. 2014; 57:43-47. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2013.09.013]
27. Wagstaff GF, Rowledge AM. Stoicism: Its relation to gender, attitudes toward poverty, and reactions to emotive material. The Journal of social psychology. 1995;135(2):181-184. [DOI:10.1080/00224545.1995.9711421] [PMID]
28. Furnham A. Life is not Fair: Get Used to It! A Personal Perspective on Contemporary Social Justice Research. Social Justice Research. 2023;36(3):293-304. [DOI:10.1007/s11211-023-00417-7]
29. Baltzly D. Is Plato's Timaeus Panentheistic? Sophia. 2010; 49:193-215. [DOI:10.1007/s11841-010-0170-z]
30. Te Karu L, Bryant L, Elley CR. Maori experiences and perceptions of gout and its treatment: a kaupapaMaori qualitative study. Journal of Primary Health Care. 2013;5(3):214-222. [DOI:10.1071/HC13214] [PMID]
31. Latimer M, Finley GA, Rudderham S, Inglis S, Francis J, Young S, Hutt-MacLeod D. Expression of pain among Mi'kmaq children in one Atlantic Canadian community: a qualitative study. Canadian Medical Association Open Access Journal. 2014;2(3): E133-E138. [DOI:10.9778/cmajo.20130086] [PMID] []
32. Sargent C. Between death and shame: Dimensions of pain in Bariba culture. Social science & medicine. 1984;19(12):299-1304. [DOI:10.1016/0277-9536(84)90016-9] [PMID]
33. Caldwell JC, Orubuloye IO, Caldwell P Fertility decline in Africa: A new type of transition? Population and development review. 1992;211-242. [DOI:10.2307/1973678]
34. Almberg B, Grafstrom M, Winblad B Major strain and coping strategies as reported by family members who care for aged demented relatives. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1997; 26:683-691. [DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1997.00392.x] [PMID]
35. Becker LC.Human health and Stoic moral norms. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 2003;28(2):221- 238. [DOI:10.1076/jmep.28.2.221.14206] [PMID]
36. Englert C, Pageaux B, Wolff W. Self-control in sports. Charlottesville: Center for Open Science. 2020 Nov 27. [DOI:10.31234/osf.io/695c2]
37. Englert C. The strength model of self-control in sport and exercise psychology. Frontiers in psychology. 2016; 7:314. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00314] [PMID] []
38. Wagstaff CR. Emotion regulation and sport performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2014;36(4):401-12. [DOI:10.1123/jsep.2013-0257] [PMID]
39. Stocker E, Seiler R, Schmid J, Englert C. Hold your strength! Motivation, attention, and emotion as potential psychological mediators between cognitive and physical self-control. Sport, exercise, and performance psychology. 2020;9(2):167. [DOI:10.1037/spy0000173]
40. Seale C. Cancer heroics: a study of news reports with particular reference to gender. Sociology. 2002:36(1):107-126. [DOI:10.1177/0038038502036001006]
41. Fergus KD, Gray RE, Fitch MI, Labrecque M, Phillips C. Active consideration: Conceptualizing patient-provided support for spouse caregivers in the context of prostate cancer. Qualitative Health Research. 2002;12(4):492-514. [DOI:10.1177/104973202129120034] [PMID]
42. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang AG. Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods. 2009; 41:1149-1160. [DOI:10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149] [PMID]
43. Pathak EB, Wieten SE, Wheldon CW. Stoic beliefs and health: development and preliminary validation of the Pathak-Wieten Stoicism Ideology Scale. BMJ open, 2017;7(11): e015137. [DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015137] [PMID] []
44. Davies KA, Lane AM, Devonport TJ, Scott JA. Validity and reliability of a brief emotional intelligence scale (BEIS-10). Journal of Individual Differences. 2010;31(4):198-208. [DOI:10.1027/1614-0001/a000028]
45. Nahum O, Ben-Ami M, Cohen D, Shivek A. "Athlete's Subjective Performance Scale (ASPS)," 2016, Retrieved from https://sportperformance.wordpress.com.
46. Hayes, A. F. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach (Methodology in the Social Sciences) (2nd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press. 2018.
47. Seabra F. Epistologia-cícero E sêneca. 2011;2(23):55-60.
48. Perlini AH, Halverson TR Emotional intelligence in the national hockey league. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du behaviour. 2006;38(2): 109. [DOI:10.1037/cjbs2006001]
49. Merino Fernández M, Dal Bello F, Brabec Mota Barreto L, Brito CJ, Miarka B, López Díaz de Durana A. State-trait anxiety and reduced emotional intelligence in combat sport athletes of different genders and competitive levels. 2019.
50. Malpas J, Davidson D. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition). URL: http://plato.Stanford.edu/archives/win2012/entries/davidson. 2012.
51. Furnham A "Fortitude," In: D. Anderson, Ed., The Loss of Virtue, Social Affairs Unit, London, 1992, pp. 137-153.
52. Hanin YL, Stambulova NB. Metaphoric description of performance states: An application of the IZOF model. The Sport Psychologist. 2002;16(4):396-415. [DOI:10.1123/tsp.16.4.396]
53. Hanin Y. Emotions in sport. Human Kinetics. 2000. [DOI:10.5040/9781492596233]
54. Janal, M. N. Pain sensitivity, exercise and stoicism. Journal of the royal society of medicine. 1996;89(7):376-381. [DOI:10.1177/014107689608900706] [PMID] []
55. Irvine WB. The Stoic Challenge: A Philosopher's Guide to Becoming Tougher, Calmer, and More Resilient. WW Norton & Company; 2019 Sep 3.

Send email to the article author


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

© 2024 CC BY-NC 4.0 | Annals of Applied Sport Science

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb