Annals of Applied Sport Science

• The present findings indicate a lack of concussion knowledge among female MMA fighters competing in MMA.
• This is a concern as this group is at risk for head trauma.
• Coaches and organizations should consider implementing appropriate measures to make sure athletes have the appropriate information regarding concussion and head trauma.
• Present findings also include important information researchers should consider when doing a study during a competition.
• Researchers should get the coaches involved; a successful pre- and post-competition evaluation could depend on their involvement as well as on an international team of researchers with a varied linguistic background.

• The findings reported in this study suggest the use of selected external stimuli during fitness testing for a more objective measurement of student performance and thus their motivation.
• The practitioner should build an environment in which subjects will be able to achieve their maximal performance.
• For NAS it is advisable to use verbal encouragement or performance feedback, and for PAS, a combination of external stimuli for selected fitness tests of explosive strength and speed abilities.

• Considering the benefit of conducting meta-analysis by combining the results of multiple studies, it would be worthwhile to investigate the impact of leisure activities among different ethnic/cultural/gender groups to determine if the effect sizes are homogeneous.
• Additionally, the categorization or classification of preferred leisure activities can also be determined depending on different aspects of the group.
• Given our current study used depressive symptoms as a dependent variable, a future study may examine similar mental health outcomes including anxiety, distress, or sadness.
• The results of the present study may be applicable not only to older adults without disabilities but also to those who have specific disabilities (e.g., dementia, Alzheimer, or arthritis).
• A majority of older adults have limited access to leisure programs and are lacking social contacts outside their homes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, it is important for health care and leisure professionals to develop preferred leisure activities that older adults can safely participate in during COVID-19 restrictions.

• It also seems that based on the prioritization of strategies, the development of students' motor literacy and the promotion of a dynamic lifestyle should be considered as the main target of policymakers in physical education and sports in schools.

• Implication for health policymakers / practice / research / medical education:

1) Balance is one of the main problems in the psychomotor development of people with Down syndrome, with few studies in the literature on the subject.
2) This study evaluates the balance of children with the Syndrome who practice dance and seeks to verify its effectiveness in forming the body scheme of these children.

• For the COD performances of the athletes to emerge at a higher level, the basic movement profiles should be brought to the appropriate level.
• The result that athletes' COD performances are related to more complex abilities (which measure strength, balance, and mobility at the same time) reveals that not only on skill but also on features such as balance and strength, balance and explosive strength should be used at the same time.
• The fact that the in-line lunge movement, which is a more complex movement pattern, is associated with COD, reveals the result of the athletes applying strength and balance training suitable for the running type.
• The balance characteristics of the athletes should be developed following the movement patterns of the COD performances.

• This study implies that the use of specific exercises in physical education of university student can improve intermuscular coordination, statokinetic balance, body balance and cerebral hemodynamics. Thus, mental performance and resistance to exam stress are increased.

• Sport and traditional games are recommended to be introduced within the educational process at the higher military educational establishments.
• In the field of professional military training, it is suggested that sport and traditional games should increase the emotional stability, positive views, and physical endurance of cadets.
• It is recommended for military pedagogues and faculty members to implement the model of usage of sport and traditional games at the higher military educational establishment.